What Makes a Marine Ecosystem

What Makes a Marine Ecosystem A biological system is the assortment of living and non-living things in a territory, and their relationship to one another. It is the means by which creatures, plants and the earth communicate together and flourish. Considering biological systems is known as biology. A marine biological system is one that happens in or close to salt water and is the thoughtful that is concentrated in sea life science. (Freshwater biological systems, then again, are involved freshwater situations, for example, those in waterways or lakes. Sea life scientists study those sorts of biological systems also.) Since the sea covers 71 percent of the Earth, marine biological systems make up an enormous piece of our planet. They change, however all assume a significant job in the planets wellbeing, just as the strength of people. About Marine Ecosystems Biological systems can differ in size, however all have parts that connect with and are reliant upon one another. Upsetting one segment of a biological system may influence different parts. On the off chance that youve ever known about the expression biological system approach, it is a sort of characteristic asset the board including settling on choices with respect to the entire environment, instead of different parts. This way of thinking understands that everything in a biological system is interconnected. This is the reason earthy people and sea life researcher must consider whole biological systems despite the fact that they may concentrate on one animal or plant in it. Everything is integrated. Ensuring Marine Ecosystems Another essential motivation to contemplate environments is to ensure them. People can have noteworthy contrary effects on our condition that can end up devastating environments and hurting human wellbeing. The HERMIONE venture, a program that screens biological systems, takes note of that specific angling practices can hurt cold-water coral reefs, for instance. That is an issue on the grounds that the reefs bolster an assortment of living frameworks including giving a home to youthful fish. The reefs could likewise be wellsprings of possible medications to battle malignancy, which is another motivation to ensure them. Human effects are demolishing the reefs, which are a fundamental biological system for people and the earth all in all. Knowing how they capacity, and how to help them before and after parts are decimated, is basic to help these biological systems. In seagrass knolls and kelp woodlands, for instance, vigorous natural decent variety is vital to the biological systems. In one analysis, researchers diminished the quantity of kelp species. That made the complete algal biomass decline, which brought down the measure of food. When researchers diminished the species that munch on microalgae that developed on seagrass, the species ate less from zones that had less microalgae. Because of that, the seagrass in those regions developed more slow. It influenced the whole biological system. Investigations like this assist us with figuring out how lessening biodiversity can be amazingly destructive to touchy biological systems. Sorts of Marine Ecosystems Sandy BeachesRocky ShoresSalt MarshesCoral ReefsMangrovesDeep SeaHydrothermal Vents

Rush Limbaugh - Hillsdale Colleges Churchill Dinner Address free essay sample

Envision a saffron-hued robed Buddhist priest scoring to uproarious music being played by lean, wavy haired young men in a dull storm cellar in Brooklyn. This picture is one of the numerous that portrays the different boundaries throughout my life. My name is Nimesha and I’m a Sri Lankan-American who cherishes free examples and watches old SNL productions. The best thing my folks have accomplished for me directly in the wake of giving me life was bringing me up in New York City. This city has given me the opportunity to communicate my actual character while as yet letting my legacy course through my regular day to day existence. Somewhere down in the enclaves of the Lower East Side, I’m encompassed by raggedy high schooler fashionable people, who after chain smoking a cigarette for 15 minutes, influence and bounce and shake to music that can be depicted as a thousand Gameboys playing immediately. Goodness, how one can smell the high schooler anxiety noticeable all around. We will compose a custom exposition test on im a mosaic, my mosaic or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It’s during conditions such as this when I don't mull over my parent’s emphasis on me returning home early or reading for math class. The commotion keeps on playing and I’m in the group. Hopping. Shouting. Imploring. I am presently sitting leg over leg on a saffron hued pad on the highest floor of the Buddhist Vihara in Queens that I have been going to for as long as 17 years of my life. The priests are arranged against the divider and everybody is looking towards the humongous Buddha sculpture before the room. With my eyes shut, I start to recite. My religion draws out another side of me, a progressively solemn, careful being, who most likely would be increasingly lucid in different circumstances, if consistently as loose. Things that worry me incorporate math, young men and my stunning guardians. No truly, they are very dazzling! Despite the fact that we do get into our quarrels, I am beginning to comprehend what they are used to. I used to stigmatize their emphasis on my contemplating harder and remaining at home. Be that as it may, presently I’ve acknowledged the amount they relinquished for me to get superb training and a magnificent American life, all because of an ongoing migration legal dispute. My folks missed their mothers’ burial service only so there was no danger of returning the US so I could remain at HSMSE and I just got a 70 in my math class that term. They have not seen their kin in more than 30 years yet I here and there miss schoolwork and warm the soccer seat. This reality happened to me after my mother’s migration meet. From that point forward, my viewpoint of my life is unique. I’ve have had stunning encounters throughout my life that could never have occurred if my folks had not had any desire to remain in America to severely. I reserve the privilege to free discourse and the option to take an interest in my legislature. I have the chance to go from living in a two room, one story condo to living in the White House. I can even group surf one night, and offer blossoms in a Buddhist sanctuary the following! My New York is even extraordinary at this point. I don’t simply observe calfskin tights and Nike Dunks as a portrayal of my youthfulness. Rather than concentrating on the nightlife, I presently welcome that I am developed in a magnificent network of social dispersion. My New York has gotten a mosaic. As the truism goes, â€Å"my food merchant is Korean, my store man is Israeli, my clothing fellow is Chinese, my preferred coffee shop proprietor is Greek and my preferred falafel fellow is Egyptian.† This assorted variety is the thing that I’ve grown up with and gained from. I see the magnificence in this liberality and I grasp it. Truth be told I consider it to be a significant apparatu s to my greatest advantage for my future. In spite of the fact that I have not generally settled on the best options, as not making a decent attempt as I could in school, presently I am completely prepared to take advantage of the lucky breaks my folks have made conceivable to me. My energy for International Relations makes me need to locate the best school program and work my hardest at it. My ongoing acknowledgment is an immense inspiration to assist me with prevailing in a difficult scholarly condition. I need to have the option to include the resilience, care and good faith I have gained from my encounters to the networks I will participate later on, regardless of whether it is my school network or the universal network as a future compassionate or legislator. For the time being, I am carrying on with my life vivaciously with the information that I myself am a mosaic. I am a result of worldwide, present day, customary, scholarly and sympathetic impacts. I am anticipating bringing the best of the various parts of me to any place I go throughout everyday life.

Life as a Program Assistant Its Pretty Sweet COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Life as a Program Assistant It’s Pretty Sweet COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Note from Admissions: Congratulations to the students that walked across the stage at SIPAs graduation yesterday including our program assistants! Were extremely happy for, and proud of, the graduates of the SIPA Class of 2019. Hello everyone! Congratulations to all our readers who were recently admitted to SIPA and welcome to those who are considering applying during the next cycle. I am writing this post to shed some light on the work of Program Assistants and to talk about what you can expect if you receive an Assistantship while at SIPA! First of all, program assistants (PAs) are SIPA students that work in SIPA affiliated offices to support full-time staff with daily operations, program management, event planning, etc. Assistantships are only open to students during their second year; in Spring semester of your first year, you will receive an application form that will let you apply en masse to all open assistantship positions. These positions are competitive, so I encourage students to develop relationships with the people you are interested in working for. So What Do PAs Do? Again, it is very much dependent on where you end up working! At Admissions, I assist full-time Admissions staff with daily administrative tasks and the processing of student applications. I also help with communications, by documenting things on campus, writing for the Admissions Blog and occasionally featuring on Columbia SIPA social media accounts! As an admissions representative, I also meet with prospective students and answer questions from applicants throughout the year. If you attended Admitted Students Day, I also helped plan and staff the event! Other friends of mine work for a variety of other offices on campus. For example, one of my good friends works for SIPA News and is a veritable journalist; his job is to attend SIPA events and to write reports for the website. Another one of my friends is the PA for the Urban and Social Policy concentration, and he works with USP faculty to plan events, speaker series and monthly happy hours/mixers. In general, we all work about anywhere from 12-20 hours a week, depending on our time commitments and the demands of our work. Ultimately, it’s a great way to earn extra money and to connect with new students and staff here at SIPA. So if you’re about to attend SIPA or are considering applying, definitely start thinking about PAships! L-R: Julia, Sam, Dylan, and Kier Special shoutout to Fall 2019 PA Niara Valerio! You can see what she and another former PA, Rahel Tekola, are up to here.

The Effects of Homlessness Essay - 1221 Words

Families that become homeless endure countless moves between friends and realatives homes trying to stay together. they are moved into shelters where ultimately they end up separated and children are put into foster care, this separation only adds to the agony which latter leads to these children in turn ending up homeless as adults. do to emotional and behavior issues stemming from childhood Homeless children and families suffer many hardships such as poor health and increased sickness. many of these homeless children are poorly educated and have developmental delays as well as emotional problems. homeless children have a higher rate of learning disabilities than children that are not homeless and sadly these homeless children and their†¦show more content†¦(Rog, PhD, Westat,MD, and Buckner, PhD .WEB) The separation of Homeless families is heartbreaking for children and their parents. homeless families without relatives or friends to take them in are left with no choice bu t overcrowded chaotic shelters. many of these homeless families are split up into separate places, their children are sent into foster care due regulations and overcrowding. many families feel the foster care system takes advantage of the homeless children and parents it is said that at least one fifth of the homeless children have been separated from their families at some point. The link between homelessness and foster care placement, this was researched and clearly shows that children in foster care could return home if their parents had access to housing. a large percentage of the homeless adults were themselves as children sucked into the foster care pit, had a group home, or any other setting at some point during their childhood. this clearly shows a link between foster care and homelessness. seeing that parents with a childhood foster care background are more likely to become homeless, and at a very early age. foster care children are more likely to become homeless than chil dren that have no foster care background. (Child Welfare League of America: Practice Areas: Housing and Homelessness: Publications and Reports: The Links Between Child Welfare amdShow MoreRelatedHomelessness Is A Big Global Problem1154 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is a big global problem and we can solve it just by donating,caring, volunteering,and helping the whole world become a better place and having fantastic lives. This paper will discuss about homelessness, it will be discovered in it’s history,effects, and solutions. Homelessness is a temporary condition that people fall into when they cannot afford to pay for a place to live, or when their current home is unsafe or unstable.Homeless can be considered as living in a place where they have no rightRead MoreIs Homelessness a Big Problem In America? Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lowest incomes with decent houses. Even though individuals do not have the same exact struggle, they all end up with the same outcome. Some people stay homeless permanently while for some it is only temporary. According to Towards A Policy on Homlessness, â€Å"It is unacceptable that persons are compelled to live on the street, a life of homelessness and wandering, outside society and in extreme poverty† (Quà ©bec). Its not reason why anyone should be forced into homeless whether its long or short termRead More Domestic Violence Against Women in Canada Essay2257 Words   |  10 Pagesthat men and women need to both be seen as victims of intimate partner violence. It seems to be becoming more thematic amongst the literature to include a male perspective in the victimization of intimate partners. For instance, when studying the effects that intimate partner violence has on the victim, it was noted that, the lifetime prevalence of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) alone was 13.3% for women and 5.8% for men; the prevalence of sexual IPV alone was 4.3% for women and 0.2% forRead More Population And Imm igration In Relation To The Job Market Essay3148 Words   |  13 Pagesbelow what should be paid. Besides the frightening concept of a growth in new workers is an equally alarming increase of experienced workers. It seems that retirement is being postponed longer and longer, and as this occurs more competition is the effect. Baby boomers are finding that they will not be able to retire because they cannot afford to. According to study done by the Rand Corp. a public-policy research group based in Santa Monica, California, those retiring or soon planning on doing so have

White Resistance to the Civil Rights Movement Essay

Civil Rights Throughout Reconstruction, southern whites felt constantly threatened by legislation providing rights for former slaves. The Civil Rights Bill of 1875 was the last rights bill passed by congress during reconstruction. It protected all Americans’ (including blacks) access to public accommodations such as trains. With the threat of complete equality constantly looming, violence toward former slaves gradually increased in the years following the Civil War. Beatings and murders were committed by organized groups like the Ku Klux Klan, out-of-control mobs, and individual white southern men. During Reconstruction, white southerners had limited governmental power, so they resorted to violence in order to control†¦show more content†¦The first thing that can be observed upon glancing at George Lewiss book â€Å"Massive resistance† is its cover image. It is a photograph of elementary school children and women protesting against desegregation in New Orleans in 1960. The main focus of the picture depicts two women yelling loudly along a sidewalk. At their side, a young schoolboy holds a poster that reads: All I want for Christmas is a clean white school. Other women and children stand in the background. One person is holding a poster that refers to states rights, as others gaze toward the street. Two women are attending the event wearing handkerchiefs and curlers, indicating that they possibly had rushed out of their homes to partake in the mornings activities. Above the scene is the books title, Massive Resistance. To a reader who might be unfamiliar with the general topic of this book, the cover’s text and image might illustrate somewhat of a contradiction. What people fail to consider is that massive resistance did not solely amount to what is visible in the photograph on the books cover. This does not depict all that stood in the way of African-Americans struggling to gain their civil rights. Women and children yelling from sidewalks with posters was one of many responses used by American Southerners in oppositionShow MoreRelatedThe Acceptance Of Blacks : America s Birth With The Signing Of The Declaration Of Independence1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Acceptance of Blacks in White America From America s birth with the signing of the Declaration of Independence there have been few movements that have affected as many people as the Civil Rights movement. In a world where blacks were always seen as inferior, any other notion or conception of blacks was highly untolerated. Since Abraham Lincoln had freed the slaves in 1886, there had been no discernable change in the state of racial affairs in America. Not until Brown v. Board of EducationRead MoreMartin Luther King Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesturned prominent Civil Rights Movement leader that campaigned for the progression of civil rights in America. In his 13 years of leadership, he and his associates achieved more in attaining racial equality for the African-American population than the combined efforts of activists 350 years prior, through protests, grassroot organising and civil disobedience to achieve their goal of ending racial segregation. During his leadership, five notable legislations were passed: ‘Th e Civil Rights Act’ (1964),Read MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1014 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, the focus will be on the main activists involved in the movement such as Martin Luther King Jr and Rosa Parks and the major campaigns of civil resistance. The Civil Rights Movement refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states.African-Americans were able to gain the rights to issues such as equal access to public transportation, right to voteRead MoreThe Song Glory, By Music Artists Common And John Legend1653 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience that showcased the African American history and in particular the turbulent 1960s era in which Dr. Martin Luther King Jr(MLK) was leading the civil rights movement. The song Glory itself won the oscar for the best song in a motion picture and truly was an important part of the movie because not only did it chronicle the civil rights marches of 1965 led by MLK but it also incorporated events that occurred in the 21st century. It was this combination that made the song a true inspirationRead More African- American Civil Rights Movement of 1955-1968 Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Civil Rights movements, which stretched from 1955 to 1968, aimed at restoring the rights of the African – American people and liberating them from the social and racial discrimination. This movement changed the social and political structure of the United States. The main catch was that the movement accomplished successful results following the ‘nonviolent resistance’, establishing the fact that the Christian religion believed in peace and equality. Birth of the Civil Rights Movements: UnitedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Meridian By Alice Walker1103 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"No person is your friend who demands your silence, or denies you the right to grow.† Due to the extreme patriarchal society based in the sixties era, women’s voices were often disregarded and silenced. In the historical novel Meridian, by Alice Walker, the main female protagonist, Meridian, struggles to comply with the harsh patriarchal systems set in place in her community, in turn, she uses her silence as a form of resistance. She has various encounters with a man named Truman, whom she is in loveRead MoreUnderstanding The Origins Of Black Resistance1501 Words   |  7 PagesCobb illustrates that armed self-defense as a form of black resistance dates back to the colonial era. Whereas historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall has urged historians to look to Reconstruction to understand the origins of black resistance, Cobb begins even earlier with the emergence of American slavery. As a former member of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Cobb uses both his own experiences to highlight the complex relationship between nonviolent activism and armed self-defense at theRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960s And 1960954 Words   |  4 Pagesovercome racial prejudice, truly we have come a long way from the civil rights moment. The history of the United States is a series of many current social changes that have occurred. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960’s was one of the most significant and important for the equality of all people. Because of the abolition of slavery in 1863, many continuous conflict between races of people that live in the United States, rights were violated on a consistent basis, mainly because of the colorRead MoreThe Rights Of The United States1497 Words   |  6 PagesRight to Rights America has been known to be a nation of the people for the people by the people, but there are individuals may argue a different point. There are those who would claim this country was founded it was founded by and for whit Europeans, people fled a broken system, but subsequently built a flawed system of their own. Our forefathers uprooted themselves and others in order to build the country we live in today. The question quickly becomes a matter of which is it? Upon close examinationRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pages The Civil Rights Movement lead nonviolently by Martin Luther King in the 1960s is an important era to examine when analyzing the extent to which the ideology of Carl Schmitt remains relevant to domestic conflict outside of the interwar period. Schmitt’s theory assists in understanding the racial segregation in the United States as political. However, while King identified similar critiques of liberalism as Schmitt, he believed th at nonviolent direct action was an effective, politically engaged method

Benefits to Running Bleachers Free Essays

Athletes, along with others trying to get into shape usually incorporate running bleachers into their exercise routines. This activity has a variety of health and physical fitness benefit. One obvious benefit is the ability for body to develop more efficiently than running on a flat surface. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits to Running Bleachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another benefit is the increase of the heart rate. The heart rate increases because the activity is much more intense than running regularly or jogging. Jogging bleachers requires the exercise to be performed at a higher intensity. This type of workout helps to teach an individual’s cardiovascular system to recovery quickly. This is because after going up the bleachers and resting for a few seconds, the body needs to be ready to be able to work hard again once it is time to run back up. This workout is known as a cardiovascular exercise which is effective in burning calories. This helps to increase the body fat loss and allows the heart rate to elevate for at least 30 minutes. A big reason why most athletes run bleachers is because of its ability to increase leg power. In certain sports, such as basketball, soccer, football and track, leg power is necessary to better the performance of the player. Climbing up the bleacher requires the quadriceps and glute muscles in the legs to push off each step with force. Running bleachers also puts more of a variety into an average person’s workout. This prevents muscles from adapting and allows them to continue development. For runners, finding a set of bleachers to run can be considered a break from their same daily route, which will keep them from becoming tired. For those who are not runners, bleachers will most certainly help to work out the muscles throughout the legs. Although running bleachers can be considered cruel punishment in gym classes, it is an effective exercise that keeps the heart healthy and the legs muscular. How to cite Benefits to Running Bleachers, Essay examples

Heart Of Darkness And Modest Proposal Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Colonization in the Theme of A Modest Proposal and Heart of Dark Get downing at the beginning of the 17th century, European states began researching and colonising many different countries of the universe. The last half of the 19th century saw the tallness of European colonial power around the Earth. France, Belgium, Germany, and particularly Great Britain, controlled over half the universe. Along with this accomplishment came a noteworthy sense of pride and confident belief that European civilisation was the best on Earth and that the indigens of the lands Europeans controlled would merely profit from colonial influence. However, non everybody saw colonisation as positive for all those involved. Some of the most noteworthy authors of the clip produced plants knocking the procedure of colonisation. Two of the most important plants in this country are Joseph Conrad? s Heart of Darkness and Jonathan Swift? s A Modest Proposal. Although these pieces of literature both criticize colonisation, they have different subjects. The subject of A Modest Proposal could be described as the negative effects of colonisation on the colonized, while the cardinal thought in Heart of Darkness is the negative effects of colonisation on both the colonized and the colonisers. The differences in these subjects are important to the schemes used by the writers to research the inauspicious effects of colonisation. Swift makes great usage of sarcasm and imagination, to stress the predicament of the Irish. Conrad remarks on the scaring alterations that people involved with colonisation can travel through by researching character development and detailing a narration of subjugation. Swift utilizations irony in A Modest Proposal because it allows him to foreground the emotional withdrawal felt by the colonising British towards the Irish. It is this emotional detached experiencing that lead to the atrociousnesss committed against the Irish citizens. The sarcasm in A Modest Proposal is apparent right in the rubric. There is surely nil modest about the proposal of eating the babies of destitute Irish citizens. The sarcasm accentuates how barbarous and uncompassionate the powerful British Imperialists were, towards the destitute Irish population. The reader must recognize that Swift is runing independently of the storyteller in a covert mode ( Phiddian 607 ) . He develops the character of the suggester to state precisely the antonym of what he feels. While the suggester suggests eating hapless Irish kids is peculiarly proper at gay meetings, peculiarly nuptialss and christenings, this could non be further from the sentiment of Swift. Nor does Swift really believe that this program will increase the attention and tenderness of female parents toward their kids. ( NA 1052 ) Furthermore, the whole subject of cannibalism, is discussed with lingua in cheek and is meant to propose that the British were devouring the Irish. Images of inhuman treatment and immorality put, frontward by the storyteller, weigh to a great extent in the subject of A Modest Proposal. Throughout the booklet, the reader is bombarded with upseting imagination of Irish people and their kids being treated like farm animal raised for ingestion. The storyteller refers to the parents of the kids as barbarians ( NA 1050 ) and breeders ( NA 1051 ) and dikes ( NA 1048 ) . Then he compares the kids to roasting hogs ( NA 1050 ) and continues as if he were composing a cook book. He speaks of how delightful he thinks these babies would be whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled ( NA 1049 ) or served in a fricassee or a ragout ( NA 1049 ) . He describes how the carcases ( NA 1050 ) of these babes could be nicely seasoned with a small Piper nigrum or salt ( NA 1050 ) and will be in season throughout the twelvemonth ( NA 1050 ) . Flaying the carcase and utilizing the tegument of these babes to do admirable baseball mitts for ladies, and summer boots for all right gentlemen ( NA 1050 ) is another suggestion he puts frontward. He expands beyond merely butchering the babies for nutrient and leather merchandises by proposing the possibility of runing the striplings for athletics. He dismisses this thought because he imagines the flesh of the striplings would be excessively tough for feeding and because runing them would cut down the genteelness stock. He besides has concerns that some scrupulous people might be disposed to animadversion such a pattern ( although so really unjustly ) as a small bordering on inhuman treatment ( NA 1051 ) . All of the ghastly imagination used in A Modest Proposal has earned it the repute of being one of Swift? s most potent onslaughts in his war on a category of civilised people who frequently behave like animate beings ( McMinn 149 ) . Joseph Conrad inside informations a narration of subjugation stressing the atrocious intervention of African indigens during the colonisation of the Congo. The Europeans claimed that they were seeking to educate the indigens, and that each colonised station should be for humanizing, bettering and instructing, ( NA 2228 ) as if colonisation was to the advantage of the indigens. In the same voice, it was said that the indigens were beasts ( NA 2242 ) and barbarians ( NA 2218 ) and that they should all be exterminated ( NA 2242 ) . Heart of Darkness described African inkinesss as being felons ( NA 2216 ) and enemies ( NA 2214 ) and they were treated as such. The indigens were forced to make intense heavy labour for the colonisers. They dug holes, tunneled through mountains, moved dirt from one topographic point to another in baskets balanced on their caputs. When there was no meaningful work needed to be done, the inkinesss were forced to make heavy labour merely for the interest of making heavy labour. They did objectless blasting ( NA 2215 ) and other pointless work in the Whites philanthropic desire of giving the felons something to make ( NA 2216 ) . They were treated like working animate beings. They were forced to transport 60lb tonss 200 stat mis in searing heat with unequal nutriment. A figure of them died on that trip. In the Stationss they worked in concatenation packs where, each had an Fe neckband on his cervix, and all were connected with a concatenation ( NA 2215 ) . They were supervised by other gun exerting indigens who had seemingly joined the colonisers in the subjugation of their people. When the overworked indigens could work no more they would merely creep under a tree in the shadiness and dice. If the inkinesss stopped working, made a error, or were suspected of doing a error, they were beaten viciously. Beatings are really common in Heart of Dark. The European pilgrims are invariably in the ownership of staffs, merely in instance they should hold to train a native. A black adult male was beaten about to decease as the consequence of a difference over two biddies. Then later in the narrative, a black adult male was beaten so severely that after a few yearss he merely wandered off into the wood and died. It becomes progressively clear as the secret plan develops that the colonizing Europeans treated the land and the people they were colonising with no regard at all. Through the presentation of characters and their development through the narrative, Conrad examines the negative effects colonisation can hold on the colonisers. It makes them lazy ; it reveals their failings ; it puffs them up with empty amour propre of being white ; and it fortifies the unbearable lip service with which Europeans in general conceal their selfish purposes ( Watt 37 ) . It causes them to detest and brings out the immorality from within them. The first white adult male that Marlow comes across in the Congo is the companies accountant. His amour propre is apparent, from the manner he keeps himself impeccably groomed, while other human existences around him are populating squalid, intolerable lives and deceasing dismaying deceases. He wore a high starched neckband, white turnups, a light alpaca jacket, white pants, a clear necktie and varnished boots ( NA 2217 ) . Meanwhile, everything else in the station was a clutter ( NA 2217 ) and there were people take a breathing their last breaths merely outside his door. The development of his hatred while in Africa is clear when he tells Marlow that one comes to detest those barbarians detest them to decease ( NA 2218 ) . His evilness is accentuated by the flies that buzzed diabolically ( NA 2217 ) around him, raising up images of Beelzebub, Lord of the Flies. Though his character is a minor one, the accountant gives the readers their first gustatory sensation of the Congo? s detrimental effects on the colonisers. Kurtz and Marlow are kind of mirror images of one another. Marlow is what Kurtz one time was and Kurtz is what Marlow could hold been. Both are affected adversely by their experience in the Congo. The alteration in Marlow is really apparent by the terminal of the narrative. Near the beginning of the narrative, he states that he is appalled by prevarications, that there is a contamination of decease ( NA 2224 ) and a spirit of mortality ( NA 2224 ) in them. He says prevarications are precisely what I hate and detest in the universe # 8211 ; what I want to bury ( NA 2224 ) . Then in the terminal of the narrative, he must do a determination whether to state Kurtz? s married woman a truth that will lay waste to her or a prevarication that will set her at easiness. He lies to her. It may be good purposes that caused him to lie, but he lied all the same. A portion of Marlow died in the Congo and he became what he hates, a prevaricator. Kurtz on the other manus went into the Congo as a extremely respected individual for whom higher-ups had high hopes and large programs. By the terminal of the narrative Kurtz has gone insane. While Marlow peeped over the border, ( NA 2257 ) and drew back [ his ] wavering pes, ( NA 2258 ) Kurtz had made that last pace, he had stepped over the border ( NA 2258 ) . Kurtz was so damaged by his Congo colonisation experience that it killed him before he made it back to civilisation. It is these alterations in the chief characters of the narrative that are most influential in developing, in the reader, a sense of how colonisation effects the coloniser. Colonization is a portion of the subject in both Joseph Conrad? s Heart of Darkness and Jonathan Swift? s A Modest Proposal. While Swift? s work trades chiefly with the negative effects of colonisation on those being colonized, Conrad? s narrative explores the negative experiences of both the colonized and the colonisers. The differences in these subjects are important to the schemes used by the writers to research the negative effects of colonisation. As in much of his literary work, Swift uses a great trade of sarcasm and imagination to drive his point place. Conrad on the other manus, inside informations a narration of subjugation and delves into character development to depict his ideas and experiences with colonisation in Africa. These plants can be viewed as unfavorable judgments of events of the yesteryear, but they should besides be viewed as warnings for the hereafter. Peoples should learn from the yesteryear and non do the same errors twice. Unfortunately it seems as if history repeats itself and human existences make the same mistake over and over once more. McMinn, Joseph. Jonathan Swift: a literary life. New York: St. Martin? s Imperativeness. 1991. Phiddian, Robert. Have you eaten yet? The Reader in A Modest Proposal. SEL: Surveies in English Literature ( Summer 1996 ) : 603-621. Watt, Ian. Ideological Positions: Kurtz and the Fate of Victorian Advancement. Joseph Conrad. Ed. Elaine Jordan. London: Macmillan Press. 1996.

Psychological and Biological approaches to crime and deviance free essay sample

?Comparing Biological and Psychological Approaches to Crime I was interested in assessing two different approaches to the important issue of crime in society. The articles I chose seek to find different causes to crime via psychological and biological approaches respectively. In this essay I will summarise and analyse both articles and explain how they can be useful in the prevention of crime. For my first journal article I looked at ‘A Psychological Approach to Deterrence: The Evaluation of Crime Opportunities’ By John S. Carroll (1978). This article involves a study which aims to describe how crime could be a result of psychological means, including a ‘New Approach to Deterrence’ (p1513). The article explains how by the use of experimental psychology we can arrive at a rational explanation to how crime comes about. In the study Carroll asked participants to look over a number of crime opportunities with 4 key dimensions. These were (a) the probability of a successful crime, (b) the amount of money to be obtained if successful, (c) the probability of capture, and (d) the penalty if caught (p1513). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological and Biological approaches to crime and deviance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The study aimed to see which of these factors people placed the most emphasis on and to see how people combined the four to produce what they thought was the most advantageous criminal outcome for them by combining risk and reward. Carroll notes that the study ‘should not be considered a model of criminal behaviour’ but an attempt to show that the evaluation of potential criminal acts is greatly simplified in humans (p1514). The results showed that in adults, the amount of money involved is what most people prioritised and was significant in 83. 4% of subjects (p1516). In juveniles however, the results showed that they prioritised probability; the probability of a successful crime and the probability of capture. Carroll concluded that the decision to commit a crime is based upon the opportunities presented by a given situation. This article provides an innovative and not widely recognised theory about the rationality and reasoning for committing a crime. It is a valuable addition to the issue of deterrence in society and gives its view from a different vantage point (p1520). The results of the study can give insight to criminologists and psychologist in the way that it builds upon a classic argument with more modern results, however in addition to this there are some major flaws and disadvantages to the article. One of the main disadvantages linked to the sample used is that it was not universally representative. The participants used were all from the same region and were only chosen from 4 institutions. This means the results may not be valid. Also the study was entirely quantitative, leaving no room for participants to express their views in their own words. This could result in results being invalid because participants may have not been able to say exactly what they wanted to. (Neuman W. (1991) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches; p344). However an advantage of using quantitative data is that the results can be controlled and do not need interpreting, meaning the study has a level of reliability (Neuman W. (1991) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches; p13 Table 1. 2). My second article I used was ‘Reflections on Wye Woods: Crime, Biology, and Self-Interest’ by Evan Balaban. In summary this article aimed to explain that biological and genetic factors should be taken into consideration when trying to find potential offenders, and that this information can help prevent crime by finding potential offenders and stopping them before they actually commit a crime. Balaban goes on to explain that if this approach is wrongly undertaken it can have serious consequences with respect to the labelling and stigmatization of people before they have even committed a crime. (p86) Balaban discusses the humanitarian approach to the the biology of crime and violence and the idea that biology has ‘something to contribute to public policy on violence and crime’ (p86). He explains how biology can be explained as either utterly meaningless or as a highly advantageous predictor of future happenings resulting in the benefit of society. He goes on to argue that if we completely discredit biology with respect to crime we are leaving a vast gap in the knowledge about the criminal and the prevention of future crime. After reading and analysing the article I came across a few flaws in Balaban’s argument. He understandably stresses the importance of biological issues relating to crime as it is an important concept in which I believe should be heavily taken into account when attempting to predict future offenders and to prevent it; however he doesn’t touch on any environmental issues relating to the ‘nurture’ side of the nature-nurture debate. He fails to consider that theories such as Social Learning Theory (A. Bandura) also play a major role in the prediction and prevention of crime. Social Learning Theory explains crime through the imitation of role-models, and it is these role models who influence the behaviour of younger people, be it aggressive or criminal, which could eventually result in a crime being committed. (Harasim, Linda M (Linda Marie), 1949: Learning Theory and Online Technologies: p10-11). This behaviourist approach in conjunction with the more scientific approach proposed by Balaban is what many people consider to be the most advantageous way of predicting and preventing crime and deviance. After summarising and critically assessing both articles I feel that they both significantly contribute to the areas of sociology of crime and deviance which I find most interesting and influential. Despite their flaws I still believe that they give good insight into the psychological and biological issues discussed. Overall I believe that John S. Carroll’s article on the psychological approach to crime and deviance provides a deeper insight and understanding of the issues presented and it is superior to Balaban’s article in the way that it provides an innovative way into the understanding of the psychology of crime which is not always considered or used. Word count: 997

Egypt; Ancient Intro essays

Egypt; Ancient Intro essays The Arab Republic of Egypt Year Book 1997 brings to light, in facts, figures and photographs the achievements made in Egypt during the year. In this edition, a new chapter on the national super-projects has been introduced. While presenting such projects, we would like to affirm that Egyptians, historically known as the builders of the world's oldest civilization are now in the process of self rejuvenation. In the past the response by ancient Egyptians to the challenge posed by a fluvian environment flanked by and deserts gave rise to the great and pioneering ancient Egyptain civilization. Once again Egyptians accept the challenge of progress by adopting a scientific methodology to build a new civilization. To this end, account is tak- en of the need to face the future with a daring spirit and an open mind, by expanding Egypt's inhabited area, which has remained for thousands of years mostly confined to that inherited since the dawn of history, covering only a narrow tract of Egyptian territory. The early signs of response heralding a new awakening and a fresh civilization in which Egypt embarks on the future with a progress oriented spirit that accepts all challenges, are reflected in the changes now taking place in several sites over a vast area of Egypt, which have been long marginalized. The Egyptians of today are seeking to transplant a new civilization in the form of a firmly grounded rich sapling replenished by long, deep-rooted experience and an unwavering will, fully aware of their way toward a pre- determined, definite goal i.e, progress through science guided developmnet. For decades, studies and information on development requirements, including surveys and studies of soil, water, energy, communications and transport in the fields of agriculture industry, nfining and tourism have accumulated. Such studies constitute the source of information on which the new super-projects in Toshka, Souther ...

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court once rule that the federal income tax Essay

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court once rule that the federal income tax was unconstitutional How did Congress react Include proper in-text citations in APA format to support your answer - Essay Example This culminated in the annulment of the federal Income Tax Act of 1894, by the United States Supreme Court, on constitutional grounds. The Court held the levy imposed by the law on the returns from real estate was not sufficiently different from the taxes remitted by the property owners on the same assets. The court, therefore, categorized the duty as a direct tax, which should be apportioned among the different States. This ruling set a remarkable precedent, that, although, not all income taxes amounted to direct taxes; however, it was still unclear whether the income tax fell in either category of taxes. Regardless, the income tax was believed to be illegal because Congress had not yet streamlined the Sixteenth Amendment to be in tandem with the taxation laws. Federal authorities in charge on income tax based their arguments on the fact that the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment permitted the government to implement the income taxes. Additionally, the court concluded that the enactment of such a law would be a recipe for chaos between different social classes. Nonetheless, the ruling prompted Congress to correct the ambiguous issue by ratifying a Constitutional amendment. Shortly after the passing of the Amendment, the legislature enacted another legislation governing income tax; a legal structure, which was largely drawn from the 1894 law. It was, however, clearer on both

Cisco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cisco - Essay Example ntation of the strategy that we believe will help Cisco goes through the economic downturn and position it to take advantage of the rebound that we hope will happen soon. In 1997 Cisco structured its business around three distinct business units: Enterprise, Service Provider and SMB (Small and Medium Business). The organizational structure was designed to address two major new market opportunities at that time: the service provider migration to IP services and the adoption of IP products by small and medium-sized businesses through channel distribution. The change was a clear move from a product-focused structure, which had been Cisco’s organization model since its beginning, to a customer-oriented, solutions-based structure. All of Cisco’s research-and-development, marketing and solution integration would be organized under the three Lines of Business. The Line of Business teams were responsible of defining and implementing both market and operational strategies that enabled them to deliver end-to-end solutions to their target customers. The main objective of the organizational alignment was to increase focus on specific and dedicated customer to provide complete end-to-end solutions, including system integration, integrated software, and network management. The different Line of businesses at the time had nothing in common. The fact that Cisco was making higher profit and phenomenal growth in the networking industry meant Cisco did not have to worry so much on costs since margins were very high. In August-2001, Cisco changed its organizational structure to deal with the changing environment of the industry and customer requirements, and to position the company as a dominant force in the networking industry. Customer segments and product requirements that were distinct in the past had come under the same umbrella. The downturn in the telecom and networking industry across the technology sector in early pushed Cisco to act quickly to minimize costs and

Case Study Finance Investment Marketing Essay

Case Study Finance Investment Marketing Essay The company we chose for this assignment is Toys R Us. The purposes of doing this assignment are fulfilled the requirement of the subject ABDT3273 Marketing and more understandings in Marketing. Our assignment included the Toys R Us background, segmentation, targeting and positioning, marketing mix strategy, recommendations. Our group members included five members which are Teoh Wen Dee, Tan Si Min, Lim Yong Rou, Michelle Lim Mei Chern and Lim Yee Theng. Toys R Us is the biggest range of hot toys and holiday gifts retailer in Malaysia. The products sold in Toys R Us included education toys, dolls, model cars and so on. In other words, Toys R Us is a comfortable place for children and it is also childrens paradise. In this shop, children can enjoy and gain their knowledge while playing with the toys. R in the Toys R Us represent four different words which are rapid, real, reliable and responsible. In other words, they will best serve their customers, employees, shareholders, communities and kids with the meaning of the R. During the completion of this assignment, we managed to build up strong relationship between our group members and we had learnt how to prepare a proper report of a company. Due to the cooperation carried out by each member in our group, we able to finish this assignment on time. Company Profile Background of Toys R Us Toys R Us is a toy store chain headquartered in Wayne, New Jersey, United States. The chain also has locations in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Canada. The company currently operates 840 stores in the United States and 716 stores in 34 other countries, with some of them under franchises or licenses. The flagship store in New York Citys Times Square is the largest toy store in the world, featuring a colorful Ferris wheel. It is the largest toy-centered retailer and the second largest overall toy retailer in the United States. History of the company Founder Charles Lazarus realized in the companys early days that success in the toy business meant focusing on the everyday shopper, such as a parent searching for the perfect birthday gift or a child is hoping to spend their weekly allowance on a much coveted toy. Today, Toys R Us embodies those same ideals by focusing on a memorable shopping experience for customers through classic, in-demand and exclusive merchandise, unique feature shops, a knowledgeable and toy-trained sales staff and by providing great values every day. Charles initially started Childrens Supermart, which would later evolve into the modern day Toys R Us in Washington, DC during the post-war baby boom era in 1948 as a baby furniture retailer. Its first location was at 2461 18th St, NW, where the nightclub, Madams Organ Blues Bar is currently located. Lazarus began receiving requests from customers for baby toys. After adding baby toys, he got requests for more mature toys. Eventually, the focus of the store changed in 1957 and Toys R Us as it is known today was born in Rockville, Maryland. Toys R Us was acquired in 1966 by Interstate Stores, owner of the White Front and Topps Department Stores as well as Childrens Bargain Town USA, a sister toy store chain to Toys R Us in the American Midwest which would later be rebranded as part of the Toys R Us chain. Li Fung Retailing became a licensee of Toys R Us and acquired 100% ownership of Toys Li Fung (Asia) Ltd in 2002, for the business in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, The Philippines and Macau with provisions for entry into new geographic markets including other South East Asian countries. Until today, there are 131 stores in 8 Asian markets, 22 stores in Malaysia. Nature of Business Toys R Us is provide a place for children and adults to buy their favorite toys. Their products is not only for play or fun, they are also selling some toys can be educated. In addition, they are selling some outdoor Toys which is camp tent, it provide a family go to outdoor for natural experience. Besides, baby also can found their related product such as diapers, milk bottle. Vision To be the dominant toy and educational toy retailer for children in Asia offering the right products, at the right price, at the right place, at the right time in a pleasurable and convenient shopping environment. Mission To nurture and develop the core competence of the Toys R Us retailing chain for the benefit of our stakeholders (customers, shareholders, and employees). Operations As of mid-Feb, 2011, Toys Li Fung (Asia) Ltd operates 131 stores in 8 Asian markets. In Malaysia, there are 7 main stores, 11 Toys R Us Express stores and 4 Toy Box. Toys R Us stores are located in 6 states in Malaysia where each state have at least one store operated which is Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Pahang and Terengganu and Sarawak, State Shopping Mall Penang Gurney Plaza, Queensbay Mall, Sunway Carnival Kuala Lumpur Ikano Power Centre, One Utama Shopping Centre, Tropicana Mall, Mid Valley Meagamall, Pavillion, Bangsar Village, Hartamas Shopping Centre, Alamanda, Suria KLCC, Great Eastern Mall, IOI Mall, Empire Shopping Gallery Johor Tebrau City Pahang East Coast Mall Terengganu Mesra Mall Sarawak 1 Borneo HyperMall, Miri, Hills Shopping Mall, Kuching Toys R Us. Inc Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Gerald L. Storch Executive Vice President, Human Resources Dan Caspersen Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary David J. Schwartz Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer Deborah Derby Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Clay Creasey Oceania Asia (Li Fung Group) North America Europe Trinity Limited Toys (Labuan) Holding Limited CEO: Peter Schats Convenience Retail Asia Limited Li Fung Limited Malaysia Singapore Hong Kong Others Toys Li Fung (M) Sdn. Bhd. Country Manager: Carol Chua The Organizational Chart of Toys R Us in Malaysia Country Manager Account Manager Logistic Manager Sales and Merchandising Manager Other Department Manager Branch Manager (3 in Penang, 12 in Kuala Lumpur, 1in Johor, 1 in Pahang, 1 in Terengganu, and 4 in Sarawak) Supervisors Retail/ Promoter and Royalty Card Recruiters and Others Management Structure of Toys R Us in Malaysia Corporate Social Responsibilities Hot Wheels Celebrity Drive for Charity Challenge event in 2010. Malaysias first F1 driver Alex Yoong put his considerable skills to the test as he took to the Hot Wheels track racing against the clock and three other young drivers from the Lighthouse Children Welfare Home Association. Alex Yoong clocked in a time of 2.5 seconds with his silver Hot Wheels no.11 Mustang, but was beat by a young Hot Wheels driver, Micheal, from the Lighthouse Welfare Home Association who led the pack with a remarkable time of 2.3 seconds. From the 19th to the 28th March, any Hot Wheels enthusiast that partakes in the Hot Wheels Race World Challenge and manages to beat Alex Yoongs time of 2.5 seconds, a toy will be donated towards the Childrens Home of Hope (under the National Cancer Society of Malaysia) and the Lighthouse Children Welfare Home Association. Buy a Toys R Us shopping bag and help a charity. RM1 from each purchase will be donated to charity. Toys R Us gives RM10, 000 to Trinity Childrens Home Toys R Us (Malaysia) donated RM10, 000 to Trinity Childrens Home, Petaling Jaya, at the opening of a new store at Empire Shopping Gallery, Subang Jaya in June 2010. Event Description Hot Wheels Celebrity Drive for Charity Challenge event in 2010 A toy will be donated towards the Childrens Home of Hope (under the National Cancer Society of Malaysia) and the Lighthouse Children Welfare Home Association once any Hot Wheels enthusiast that manages to beat Alex Yoong. Buy a Toys R Us shopping bag and help a charity. RM1 from each purchase will be donated to charity Toys R Us gives RM10, 000 to Trinity Childrens Home RM10,000 donated to Trinity Childrens Home, Petaling Jaya. Future Plan Toys R Us retailing is given to Li Fung (Asia) Ltd who have a series of plan in Asia to develop a core competence of the Toys R Us retailing. Consumer market: They have planned to open more and more Toys R Us branches in Malaysia. This will benefit the stakeholders. For consumer, they will be more convenient to buy toys for their children. Toys R Us also provides some educational toys. So that children are not only playing toys for fun but at the same time they are gaining extra knowledge. Besides, company will produce more safety toys to children and parents which fulfill the rules and regulations. Consequently, parents wont worry about the toys are dangerous or harming their children while the children feel happy playing with their toys. Furthermore, company will lead employees to another level which is in line with the 2010 Incentive Plan of Toys R Us Ltd. They will arrange some courses or trainings to employee. Through the courses and trainings, employees can improve their knowledge and skills. This would be benefited to the employees and company. Company will be operated effectively and efficiently as the employees are capable and trained. On the other hand, employees will get higher salary and their ability is improved. In addition, company possesses employees of great ability to produce fun and better toys to children. Consumer will not be worry about the safety issues and enjoy consuming our products. They are intended to make Toys R Us as the retailer of dominant toys and educational toys in Malaysia as well. The company wants to offer a right product and right price to consumers. Moreover, they also want to maximizing wealth of shareholders to satisfy them. It will be benefited both sides which are consumers can get right product and right price and shareholders can maximize their wealth. The company will achieve a good reputation in toy industry. These are the future plans in Toys R Us in Malaysia. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Segmentation is dividing a market into smaller segments with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors that might require separate marketing strategies or mixes. The segmentation made by Toys R Us is according to the demographic segmentation, which consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race, and nationality. Toys R Us is differentiated by the ages and gender of customers. Based on Population of Malaysia is 28.25 million which is including 27.2% is less than 15 years old, 68.1% is 15 to 64 years old and the rest of 4.7% is more than 65 years old. Their product is selling to customers who are 15 to 64 years old. This is because the customers are more purchasing power to buy toys. They already have source of income to satisfy their wants. For example, teenagers have received their pocket money from their parents; they are saving to buy their toys for collection. Adults have salary from their works; they will spend partly of salary to fulfill their wants. Besides that, young parents also is including in 15 to 64 years old. They are young and modern, so that they will be buy more toys for their children, the education toys also is popular for them, they hope their children can get knowledge through playing toys. Targeting is the second stage of the segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) process. After the market has been separated into its segments, the marketer will select a segment or series of segments and target it. Resources and effort will be targeted at the segment. Their targeting strategies is using differentiated (segmented) marketing which is targets several segments and designs separate offers for each. For example, Toys R Us is segmenting to a small group which is based on income, age and gender. Their products target in toys collector who are more purchasing power to buy their toys. Besides that, toys collector is not miss out any opportunity to buy their favourite toys or limited edition. Compare to children, children is not enough power to influence their parents buy toys for them every moments. Parents only buy toys for them in special events such as birthday, Christmas. They are just a partly customers in Toys R Us. Positioning has come to mean the process by which the marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand or organization. Toys R Us is positioned as the worldwide authority on kids, families and fun. At Toys R Us, they believe that by being rapid, real, reliable and responsible, we will best serve our customers, employees, shareholders, communities and kids. Rapid, we believe that speed is a reflection of our culture. Our team is focused and clear with common, user-friendly processes and solutions; fast and urgent in decision-making an speed-to-market; and quick in adapting to change. Real, our team is urgent, sincere, authentic, helpful to work with and confident. Reliable, being reliable means working as a team so everything can move faster. We are a company that is dependable and we produce what we promise. Responsible, we believe that honesty, integrity and compassion are the foundation upon which we work together and conduct our business. Keeping kids safe is a cornerstone of the brand. Marketing Mix Four Ps of Toys R Us Marketing mix is a composite of product, place, price, and promotion, also referred to as the 4Ps. Each of these elements is an important factor in a companys marketing strategy. These four Ps are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that centre the four Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. The Toys R Us marketing mix is always being fine-tuned and thus is never static. Toys R Us is a for-profit organization that has implemented a winning marketing mix within its marketing strategy. Products Firstly, the companys products, products is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy a want or need of consumer. Types of consumer goods in Toys R Us is a shopping products, thats, it is bought less frequently and there is brand comparison on basis of price, quality and style. The distribution channel which they are using is selective distribution, the outlets can easily found in the area. Besides that, the advertising and personal selling of their product is undertaken by both producer and reseller. Toys R Us is famous for their products quality, their product is in the performance product quality dimensions. For their product feature, the cost of the company is usually lower than others and creates a value to their customer and therefore, they always is the first choice of consumer. The branding and packaging are also the attracted part of their product. Toys R Us have a high recognition within consumer, consumer usually will choose the brand which is well-known that can help them to identifies the product quality and consistency. Besides that, a giraffe cartoon was introduced as Toys R Us mascot with the name of Geoffrey the Giraffe. In the packaging part, the product of Toys R Us is ensure the consumers safety. They will ensure that the products do not bring any harm for childrens health and safety and the instructions of using is provide for every single toys. Toys R Us was also introduced its own private brands such as Babies R Us. They introduced the exclusive line of baby essential-diapers, wipes, baby foods and toys. The product in the store is separated to six different zones. In Family and Fun zones, they provide the games which help parents to take interest in children, communicate, and spend time enjoying entertaining activities with them. For Educational zones, the children can learn the natural skill while having fun. In the Tween zones and Outdoor and Sports zones, the toy is usually for the children above two years old and can let the children sharing the fun with their friends or with parents. Besides that, the item in Toys R Us is also designed to meet the specific needs of boys and girls such as Barbie Shop, The Auto World and etc. The consumer can easily found and spot the toys they need due to the cleverly designed of the store. For example, one entire section of shelves is fully devoted to dolls. The shelves in this section are painted pink with tiny flowers decorating them, and it can easily being seen and recognise by children. Doll clothes and doll accessories are also provided in the same section. Price Price is the amount of the money charged for a product or service. It is the only element that produces the revenue while all other element is representing the cost. Toys R Us is using competition-based pricing which means that they are setting prices based on the competitors strategies, costs, prices and market offerings such as Parkson, Jusco and Tesco. When consumer compare based on their own judgement of a similar products value, Toys R Us always be consumer first choice. The cost of the company of Toys R Us is definitely lower due to their low cost of supply as they owning largest manufacturer, Hasbro and Martell, and hence they could able to satisfying the customer by the low price and create high customer value. For example, as a competitor for Toys R Us, Jusco also provide a high quality toys but the toys is limited and not as many choice as Toys R Us. As for pricing, Toys R Us is much more lower than Jusco. For example, the price of the Battery Operated Rabbit at Toys R Us is only RM39.95 while for Jusco is RM49.90. The pricing adjustment strategy of Toys R Us is seasonal pricing. They will have a promotional during special event such as school holiday or festive season Christmas. And sometimes, they will temporary reduce the price to increase the short run sales by using promotional price adjustment strategies. With member card or the star card of Toys R Us, the member can purchase the item with low price while enjoying the rewards and benefits. Besides that, they are using market penetration pricing as their new product pricing strategies. They setting low initial price for their new product to stimulate their sales quickly and increase their market share. For example, Toys R Us comes with the low price guarantee and they are request that if you find the same toys being sold elsewhere at a lower price, customer can just bring original receipt within 7 days and will gladly refund the difference. Promotion Promotion is referring to the short term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. The promotion can be towards final buyers, retailers, customers or the member of the sales force. Promotion of Toys R Us normally is during school holidays. This is because Christmas and New Year is in school holidays. Toys R Us will inform members through send email, post notice in their website or social network (Facebook) and banner in front of their outlets for promotion. During the school holiday, children usually will spent their time by playing games and thus it is the right timing to had a promotion. And for the festive season such as Christmas, parents can buy their children a toys as a presents at a lower price. They also offer coupons and the gift certificates to those member and non-member which help them to attract new customer and keep the current customer. Toys R Us having a personal selling towards their customer and allow them to interact with the consumer through face to face and enable them to access to customer needs and wants efficiently. For example, they provide more sales assistance to helps the customer to access the details of the item they needed. One of the strategy of Toys R Us to build the long term customer relationship is provide the membership to increase the customer value and satisfaction where members can purchase the item with member price which are more cheaper than the original price and now they are also offering Star Card which customer can enjoy a lots of rewards and benefits. Besides that, Toy R Us is offered a lots of services, such as, delivery service, free wrapping service and also exchange and refund service in which the item purchased can be exchanged or refunded within 14 days from date of purchase. Place Place or a distribution is where the product can be found, such as in physical stores and online purchase, it includes everything connected with getting the product from the place to the customer. A distribution channel is the route a product takes from the place it is made to the customer who is the end users. Toys R Us is consider as consider as selective distribution, that is, their outlets can being found by customer in a area. The type of distributing channel they are using is multichannel distributing whereby they set up two or more marketing channel to reach more customer segments. Besides that, Toys R Us which located in a shopping mall can let the customer found it easily and brought more convenience for customer which they do not need drive to a place only for seeking for toys. For example, in Penang, there are Toys R Us store in Queensbay Mall, Gurney Plaza and Sunway Carnival. There are 20 stores of Toys R Us in Malaysia: 6 Main stores, 7 Toys R Us Express stores and 5 Toy Box. In addition, they are using the selling direct strategies where the product is selling direct to customer in their outlets without go through intermediaries. For example, Toys R Us are act as the franchise for Li Fung where the product are taking directly from them and selling to the customer. Customers Toys R Us (Producer) Agent (Li Fung Group) Toys R Us also has an online store, which provides customers the convenience of allowing them to make Internet purchase and purchase returns. Customer can also search the actual location of stores of Toys R Us through internet. Recommendations Our group had investigated on marketing department of Toys R Us in Malaysia such as their company background, segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) and also marketing mix strategy (4Ps product, price, promotion and placement). So, we give some recommendations to Toys R Us company in Malaysia. Based on our research, the segmentation of the company is using demographic characteristic such as gender and age. We recommend it should add in local culture which is region of country. Since the company have franchises in difference countries, so they can sell some toys related to the cultures of the country. Toys R Us can produce some traditional toys such as congkak represent the culture of Malaysia. When foreigners come to toys R Us Malaysia, they can buy toys as souvenirs for their friends or relatives. Furthermore, most of the toys sold in Toys R Us are based on Disney movies or cartoons such as Spiderman, Transformer, Toy Story and etc. They need to pay copyright fees or other administration fees to relevant departments before produce the toys. So the price of toys is relatively higher, so we recommend that the company can produce and design their own toys; it will lead their cost to be lower and develop their own products. For example, they can produce more series of toys or relevant products such as Geoffrey and friends. Moreover, promotion of the Toys R Us is mostly during school holidays. It is because usually Christmas and New Year are in school holidays. They will send an email to each member; place notice in social network (facebook) and banner in front of their outlets inform the public about their latest promotions. However, their promotion is not publicly known by everyone. This resulted losing potential customers. A smart consumer will only buy things during promotions, so to get more customers in Toys R Us, we have put more effort in some special event. In line to that, we suggest promotions held by Toys R Us should be more actively run some event related with their products such as Logo competition, fashion show of Barbie doll. In conclusion, we recommend Toys R Us add in local culture for produce some toys represent Malaysia, produce more own toys and also conduct some special event for their company. Dont forget that your explanation or examples MUST BE in MALAYSIA context, as I saw some of it using US context. Format of the assignment, fonts size, tab..please double check Conclusion Toys R Us is a company which sells toys to children all around the world. It provides many types of toys to parents to choose for their children. There are 22 stores in Malaysia which is in Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, Terengganu, Pahang and Sarawak. Besides, Toys R Us is doing Corporate Social Responsibilities, for example, Buy a Toys R Us shopping bag and help a charity. In their future plan, they planned to open more branches in Malaysia. Toys R Us is using demographic segmentation for their business such as age. Toys R Us are focusing on the age of the children so that they can produce more toys according to the ages. Toys R Us is targeting parents who have purchasing power to buy toys for their children and those toys collectors. Toys R Us positioned as the Worldwide authority on kids, families and fun and there are many meaning about the letter R which is real, rapid, reliable and responsible. The marketing mix of Toys R Us is products, price, promotion and placement. Their product is a shopping product, their category different kind of toys. For example, Boys zone, Girls zone, family fun games, educational toys, tween zone, sport outdoor and Baby R Us. Price is based on competition-based pricing because customers more sensitive in price, they will compare price of product with different company. Most of their promotion is banner in front of outlets, send email to member, notice in website and social network. Place is Toys R us produce toys to agent, then agent is selling to final customer. Recommendation by us is produce some toys to add in local culture, produce more own toys represent Toys R Us and also conduct some special event for their company. Department of Statistic Malaysia , http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=54%3Apopulation-updated-31072009catid=35%3Akey-statisticsItemid=53lang=en,2010, Population,2 July, view 2 March 2011. Toys R Us, http://www.toysrusinc.com/about-us/, 1999, company info, view 25 February 2011. Marketing Teacher, http://www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-segmentation.html, 2010, segmentation, 28 February 2011. Toys R Us Malaysia, http://www.toysrus.com.my/inside/about.htm, company info, view 18 February 2011.

Existentialism & Fight Club Essay

From an existentialism point of view, there is no right or wrong choice, since one gives an action value by the virtue of choosing it. Choices can only be judged on how involved the decision maker is when making it. Judging by this standard, the narrator is justified in killing Tyler, since he fully became involved in choosing to both accept and reject Tyler’s values by that action. â€Å"Existentialism’s first move is to make every man aware of what he is and to make the full responsibility of his existence rest on him.† In my essay, I shall first discuss how shooting Tyler is crucial in allowing the narrator to achieve the first move in embracing existentialism. He acts as the catalyst for the narrator to make the first move in existentialism: being aware of what he is by acknowledging all his primal instincts and assuming responsibility for his existence. Tyler does so through his acts of escalating violence and atrocity to provoke the narrator to confront both who he is and his responsibilities, culminating finally in his own death. I shall also discuss the theme of consumerism as portrayed in the movie, and how the decision of shooting Tyler relates to the narrator’s interpretation of this theme. The narrator had been hesitant to assume full responsibility for his existence at the start of the movie. He dislikes his present circumstances- he is jaded with his current job and lacks a clear purpose, as illustrated by the quote †A single serving package, a single serving†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once he consumes the single serving, he is done. He makes a fleeting impression in someone else’s life before he fades from their memory. He feels his existence is meaningless because he has no connections with anyone. He is not content with the present state he is in, but makes no active effort to consciously define his own existence. He shows bad faith in this respect, because he deceives himself into believing that he lacks complete freedom of involvement in making this decision. He is a coward by Sartre’s definition: â€Å"Those who hide their complete freedom from themselves out of a spirit of seriousness or by means of deterministic excuses.† He possesses the desire to redefine his existence by rebelling against the values in society, but this conflicts with his conscious mind (the ego), which restraints him from doing anything socially unacceptable. His conscious mind hides these unacceptable desires in the subconscious mind, coming up with excuses that prevent the narrator from fulfilling these desires. Eventually, the repressed energy from these unconscious desires resulted in the fracturing of the ego itself- into two conscious minds, hence resulting in the manifestation of Tyler. Tyler represents everything that the narrator subconsciously wishes to be. He is the personification of the ID itself, representing the narrator’s repressed death instincts (our innate instinct for survival), aggression instincts (instincts for violence), and the libido. Before he meets Tyler, the narrator is defines his existence though furniture he purchases and assembles from IKEA. He attempts to make himself into a being-in-itself, believing his perfect state of existence can be reached by purchasing that last piece of furniture he needs. When the narrator’s house was bombed, annihilating the means by which he defines his existence, the narrator felt as though his existence itself was erased. â€Å"Every stick of furniture in there was my life.† Tyler teaches him not to rely on material goods but to define his existence by his actions. The fight club thus became the new means through which the narrator could define himself through acts of fighting. The narrator learns to revel in violence and physical pain as a means of defining his existence and to transcend the physical limits of the body. He achieves the first step of self-awareness by satisfying his primal instincts for aggression. His first epiphany occurs when he realizes Tyler is himself. In a sense, he realized that he (as Tyler) is free and capable of inventing and creating himself as whom he chooses to be. This is an important step because he now wants to assume responsibility for his existence. His second epiphany occurs when he shoots Tyler, and thus himself. On the first level, the narrator acknowledges his death instincts by confronting his fear of pain and death. He accepts Tyler’s ideas of experiencing death so as to be fully conscious of his physical existence. When he shoots Tyler, he does so with the awareness that he is shooting himself. This is the final step he needs to take in order to be fully aware of what he is. On the second level, by rejecting Tyler’s nihilistic ideas of destroying institutions and value systems, he chooses what values to stand for and thus creates his own purpose for himself. â€Å"In choosing his ethics, Man makes himself.† He also translates the belief in these values into the actual action of shooting Tyler, thus defining his existence through actual action. On the third level, by shooting Tyler, he assumes responsibility for all of Man, not just himself. He assumes responsibility for Man because he invents what Man bshould be: one who does not act in an uncaring and destructive manner towards others. On the fourth level, shooting Tyler allows the narrator to be defined in a way he wishes to be defined in the eyes of the â€Å"other†. Shooting Tyler is crucial towards removing the existence of Project Mayhem. He does not want Marla to find out about Project Mayhem because he will then lose his connections with her. It is important to the narrator to have a close relationship with Marla. Firstly, she is the only surviving real human being he has a close relationship with in the movie. Secondly, Marla, playing the role of the â€Å"other†, allows him to seek out knowledge about his existence and she is the condition for his existence. By shooting Tyler, he prevents the loss of this â€Å"other† that is crucial for his existence. Important themes discussed in the movie include consumerism. To be specific, it shows how the modern consumerist society affects Man’s determination of his existence. In Sartre’s words, how a change in the â€Å"a priori limits which outline man’s fundamental situation in the universe† affects Man’s determination of his existence with respect to these limits. According to Sartre, all configurations â€Å"either appear as attempts to pass beyond them or recede from them or deny them or adapt to them†. Consumerism imposes limits on Man to work and to consume, because only if Man works can he consume, and he can consume only if he works. He is emasculated because he is unable to fulfill h is natural role as a hunter-gatherer as dictated to him by biology. Man is limited or restricted in the sense he is unable to fulfill his primitive instincts. As seen in the movie, Tyler tries to pass beyond these limits by destroying symbols of consumerism, such as credit card companies, so as to â€Å"return to Ground Zero†. Since many people define their existence by numbers in their bank accounts, destroying the bank records will erase their previous existence and allow them to create their existence anew, much like how the narrator’s apartment was bombed so that he could create his new existence through Fight Club. Tyler’s ultimate goal seems to be changing the limits by which people define their existence by. He envisions the destruction of modern civilization, and a regression back to a more primitive hunter gatherer state. â€Å"In the world I see you are stalking elk through the same canyon forests around the ruins of Rock feller Centre†. In the world he envisions, the new limits by which people will define themselves with respect to are undoubtedly physical strength and prowess. On the other hand, the narrator, like so many of us today, adapts to these limits by embracing consumerism as indoctrinated into him by society through advertisements. He avidly purchases IKEA furniture and defines his existence by these material goods. In Tyler’s words, he works jobs he hates so he can buy shit he doesn’t need. He assumes that his furniture uniquely defines him as a person, from the â€Å"glass bowls with imperfections made by the simple and honest people of wherever† to â€Å"his yin-yang coffee table†, while missing the irony that IKEA is a chain-store that mass produces furniture. He is no other different from many other consumers of IKEA who believe that their furniture is unique on virtue of it being selected by them. At the end of the movie, the narrator realizes he needs to strike a balance between the two opposing configurations, one that is in the pre-consciousness state, afraid to confront his freedom, and the other that embraces existentialism and freedom to the point of reckless destruction. Shooting Tyler thus allows him to reunite his opposing configurations and strike a middle balance. Ma rla is an example of how a person recedes from limits that outline the human condition. She does not know what values to choose to define her existence. As a result, she adopts a nihilistic attitude and attempts to hit rock-bottom by trying to court death. Lastly, another important theme in the movie is that of mental pain. Many characters in the movie experience mental pain because they are unable to reject the â€Å"being in itself† others force upon them. Thus, they cannot achieve a true state of â€Å"being for itself† This is because we â€Å"perceive others as a condition of our own existence†, as how Sartre puts it. According to Sartre, once we realize we exist, we realize the existence of others who are free to define us according to how they view us. We are objectified in the eyes of others because others view us as a â€Å"being in itself†. We lose our freedom through their perception of us. Only we looking back and viewing others as objects can we regain our freedom. Bob is viewed as a man who has lost his masculinity. He accepts this â€Å"being in itself†, believing that he is condemned to this fixed and unchanging physical body. Thus, he suffers mental pain because he does not reject the attempts of â€Å"being in itself† others force upon him by realizing his freedom to create his own existence. The narrator similarly suffers from accepting the â€Å"being in itself† society forces upon him- as a member of society whose purpose is to work, to consume and to obey his superiors. His ideal self-image is that of a strong and ruthless primal human being. However, he dares not embrace his freedom to reject this â€Å"being for itself† and work towards the transcendent goal of his ideal self-image. Thus, his mental pain caused Tyler to manifest, who violently abuses the narrator to symbolize the mental pain the narrator is experiencing. Tyler tries to push the narrator to be fully aware of his unconscious desires, and to assume responsibility for his freedom. Only when he confronts this mental pain (Tyler’s physical abuse) can he reject â€Å"being for itself† and achieve true â€Å"being-for-itself†, the state where he is constantly and freely choosing his future. His decision to shoot Tyler was justified-because he is freely choosing to reject Tyler’s destructive ideas, and to transcend his initial transcendent goal of becoming Tyler. In conclusion, the movie has strong themes of existentialism running through it. The act of shooting Tyler was justified because it signifies the first step of existentialism for the narrator- he becomes fully aware of what he is, and assumes full responsibility of his existence. It also shows how human beings may choose to define themselves with respect to the limits of the world they exist in. Lastly, shooting Tyler allows the narrator to confront his mental pain and reach the true state of â€Å"being for itself†.

Leadership-Development Programs Essay

1.0 Background At the senior executive staff meeting of August 1, 2012, the director of operations suggested that Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa (CHCM) establish a leadership-development program to prepare junior financial executives for future advancement into executive positions. Specifically, the proposal was to send 20 employees off-site each year for a three-week program offered by the Aspen Leadership Institute of Colorado at a cost of $5,000.00 USD per student. The total cost to CHCM would be $100,000.00 per year plus approximately the same amount for lost time on the job. 2.0 Discussion CHCM has been in business for over 50 years. Our average growth rate is 12% per annum. None of our twelve senior executives has attended a leadership development seminar and yet our company has been prosperous. This calls into question whether a leadership development program is even necessary. Moreover, since our leadership has been successful and effective without  such programs it appears that leaders are born, not made. In fact, I surveyed your senior staff and all but one agreed with this notion. To quote the famous economist Dr. Irwin Corey, each of us is â€Å"born into this world accompanied by a rich, psychical disposition, which furnishes him ready-made all his motivations of conduct†¦He can show a demand for nothing that is not prompted by this galaxy of instincts.† The online reference site Wikipedia defines leadership as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others.† There exists an entire school of leadership theory which holds that leaders have certain traits in common. Winston Churchill, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther King, Jr. – all possessed such leadership traits as ambition, self-confidence, and intelligence. These cannot be learned; they are innate. Two well-respected research studies that support the notion that personality traits can predict leadership were published in the Journal of Applied Psychology and in the Leadership Quarterly. In my own experience, I’ve also noted that a tall physical stature is possessed by leaders. Certainly no one can increase his or her height–it is determined by genetics. Note the heights of some of the greatest leaders in United States history in the table, below. Source: http://www.laughtergeneology.com , http://www.imdb.com and http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433/bio In fact, all members of your senior staff are over six feet tall with one exception: Ms. Florence Forsythe, the person advocating leadership development training. Moreover, I am suspect as to her intentions. Is it possible that she may covet my position as the human resources VP? Or is she motivated by the liberal notion that all citizens of a free nation have the right to pursue education and can achieve anything they desire? I suspect she is motivated by both personal gain and bleeding-heart liberal intentions. Once we start sending some people for leadership training, we will start getting numerous requests for expensive training that we simply can’t afford. Regardless, if we spend our money on leadership development, we will not have enough to spend on recruitment. And, from the discussion above, it would be more logical to select and recruit those with leadership traits than to try and develop those who are not. Moreover, if we spend money sending the wrong people to leadership training, the whole program will be a waste of money. There are plenty of people who are already leaders; we don’t need to â€Å"train† those who are not. 3.0 Conclusion and Recommendation I speak for truth and common sense. CHCM should not invest in the proposed initiative to send its junior executives for annual leadership training. Leadership development programs are wasteful because the money is not well-spent. The advocate of this idea, Ms. Forsythe, is not really concerned about developing leaders for Cliffside Holding Co. Instead, Ms. Forsythe has a personal agenda to discredit me personally and push the theories of the Aspen Institute. As VP of Human Resources, I don’t think  those theories are appropriate for the culture of CHCM.

Freedom of Speech and Internet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2432 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Freedom Essay Did you like this example? Freedom of Speech and Internet Background and context The right to freedom of speech expression and to hold opinions without interference is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by most of the constitutions of the world including India and America. Presence of free, uncensored and unhindered Internet and press are essential to ensure freedom of speech and expression. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Unlike any other medium the Internet facilitated the ability of individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds instantaneously and inexpensively across national borders. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Freedom of Speech and Internet" essay for you Create order By vastly expanding the capacity of individuals to enjoy their right to freedom of opinion and expression, which is an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"enablerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of other human rights, the Internet boosts economic, social and political development, and contributes to the progress of humankind as a whole . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] The right to access theInternet might appear to be less significant in comparison to other basic human rights, such as the right to life and equality before the law. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights also includes the right to education and the right to work, which largely depend on Internet access. Estonia, Greece, France and Finland have recognizedInternetaccess as a basic human right in accordance with the United Nations recommendation. It is in the above context and background; my paper aims to draw out the most important questions with regard to Internet regulation and its impact on the freedom of speech. Do governments have any right to control a nd regulate the availability and the content of internet ? What we can do to address the downside of the Internet? Present Global Status The Internet has become so much a part of our lives that it is very difficult to imagine a life without it. We use internet for communication, learning, trade and commerce, accessing news, entertainment, gaming, socializing and for many other information purposes. It is a cheap global platform for exchanging views , opinions and dissemination of information in real time . Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s main power comes from the fact that it can be used for all kind of media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" text, audio and video. Unrestricted internet is breaking the barriers among people and making people closer to each other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Internet has changed the way we communicate, work and play, It has affected the way we live and earn , participate and protest .à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] The Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main services include: the world wide web , e-mail , discussion groups , newsgroups and mailing lists , social website like Facebook, Googleplus, Twitter, YouTube ,Skype and cheap or free direct on-line communication . Traditional media such as newspapers and radio stations have also gone à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"onlineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and made Internet more influential. Each of these services can be used in different ways to distribute and access legal as well as illegal and harmful material giving rise to different legal and policing implications. The power of easy , cheap and global reach of internet has made it a good medium for carrying out illegal and undesirable activities .This illegal and harmful useof internet has made it controversial and given rise to many legal, technical and structural problems. Activities like gaining personal information by way of deception, spreading of defamatory or illegal material, providing unsuitable material to young children, violations of copyright laws, stealing confidential detai ls on computer, the interception of credit card details, fraudulentwebsitesand the spreading ofviruseshave become very common. Drug traffickers are also increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their products through encrypted e-mail Hackers from Pakistan and China have penetrated our computer systems of CBI , PMO ,NSG, and even the computers of army officers. Internet as a medium of communication is certainly at a risk of losing its credibility. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With the rise of the Internet the opportunities to express one has grown exponentially. But so have the challenges to freedom of expression.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] Many countries are censoring the Internet in order to prevent and eliminate illegal activities described above. Some governments also censor the Internet to make sure people cannot access anti-establishment views. Saudi Arabia, North Korea, China and Iran are among the biggest offenders in blocking their citizens access to the Internet. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Global Internet freedom has been in decline for the past three years.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] This isnt just the case in nations under authoritarian governments, either. Americas rating worsened by five points this year, to 17 on a scale of zero to 100, with zero being completely free.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] China has people dedicated to monitoring content. North Korea regulates Internet very heavily as the domestic Internet users are served by a sole provider with limited access to the global Internet. China claims that it censors only websites that encourage violence or terrorism. But human rights organizations have reported that the China actively engages in censorship and repressive activities. Although guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution, attempts are being made in America also to restrict exercise the freedom of speech through Internet. Maximum numbers of requests to block content by Google are being received from America only. Congress has been debating many bills t o monitor and filter internet content for stopping piracy and preventing abuse of intellectual property rights. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The main intention behind each of these bills may be good à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  to protect against online piracy and cyber attacks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  but they all give government far too much control over what can and cannot be said online, opening the door to greater restrictions. Censorship is not the way to fight piracy or protect against threats to security or privacy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [6] . On the other hand, most of the Americans want Internet to remain uncensored and free. President Obama has in favor of a free and open Internet. Upheld the principle of net neutrality by classifying the Internet as a public utility. This would prevent Internet service providers from blocking access to websites, slowing down content or providing paid fast lanes for Internet service.[7] Internet censorship in India India will have 302 million Internet users by Dece mber 2014 and will overtake the United States to become the second largest user country only behind China.[8] Presently, access to Internet is concentrated in urban areas but is gradually spreading to rural India .In India, the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000 provides a legal framework to regulate Internet use. The amended Act criminalizes the publishing of obscene information online and grants police powers to search any premises without a warrant and arrest individuals if found violating the provisions of this Act. The Act requires search engines and social-networking sites to remove content within 36 hours if an individual complains that it is offensive. A lot of debate and discussion is taking place regarding the extent and limits of freedom of expression online. Removing content that is obscene or otherwise objectionable, or that endangers public order or national security has become very common.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ India engages in selective Internet filtering in the pol itical, conflict/security, and social areas. However, Indias selective censorship of blogs and other content, often under the guise of security, have also been met with significant opposition. The government has also been criticized for a poor understanding of the technical feasibility of censorship and for haphazardly choosing which Web sites to block.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Since the  Mumbai bombings of 2008, the Indian authorities have stepped up Internet surveillance and pressure on technical service providers, while publicly rejecting accusations of censorship. The national security policy of the worlds biggest democracy is undermining freedom of expression and the protection of Internet users personal data.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] Amendments made to the Information Technology Act (ITA) in 2008 expanded the governments censorship and monitoring capabilities. Many Internet users have faced prosecution for online postings. The companies hosting the web content are n ow obliged by law to hand over user information to the authorities. Section 66A of the Act, prohibits the sending of offensive messages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred, or ill will.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ During the last five-six years the government has been imposing more and more restrictions on the use and the provision of internet services. In 2009, the Supreme Court ruled that bloggers and moderators can face libel suits and even criminal prosecution for comments posted on their websites. Internet companies have also faced several civil lawsuits over content deemed religiously offensive or defamatory. These cases have increased fears among IT firms that they are vulnerable to frivolous legal action and could be held liable for not removing content posted by users. Indian Telegraph Act in has also been amended to allow interception of messages on grounds other than national security. Prior judicial approval for communications interception is not required. Governments have the power to issue directives on interception, monitoring, and decryption. All licensed ISPs are obliged by law to sign an agreement that allows Indian government authorities to access user data. In the light ofa series of arrestsmade under Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, a writ petition was filed seeking to strike down Section 66A as unconstitutional. It was contended that it violates the Freedom of Speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution , does not meet the test of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonablenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ laid down under Article 19(2) and is violative of Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and Art 21 of the Constitution . [11] The Supreme Court directed issuing and compliance of some procedural safeguards against arrest till the final outcome of the case. A Central Advisory was therefore issued by the government suggesting that arrests ought not be made in a case registered under S. 66-A of IT Act, 2000 unless such arrests are approved by a senior police officer . Many more petitions were filed challenging Sec 66A of IT Act by Mouthshut.com[12], Dilipkumar Tulsidas Shah [13], Common Cause [14], Rajeev Chandrashekhar [15], and Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Union for Civil Liberties [16] . Several substantial questions of law have been raised in these petitions having far-reaching implications on Indian technology law and the freedom of speech .The main arguments raised by the petitioners in these petitions is that the restrictions on free speech specified under the IT Act exceed those specified in Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution and the Intermediaries Guidelines Rules contain ambiguous provisions. The Supreme Court has bunched together all these petitions and a decision is awaited. In present-day India, the future of Internet freedom appears bleak.[17] From the deliberate interruptions of mobile and Internet serv ices to limit unrest during rioting in the Northeast to picking up individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ a professor in West Bengal, a cartoonist in Mumbaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s iron fist is everywhere.[18] The government had also ordered Google and Facebook to block many specific items said to contain objectionable religious comments and pictures. Internet access was restricted in Jammu and Kashmir when Mohammed Afzal Guru was executed. A Central Monitoring System has been set up to monitor phone calls, text messages, emails, social media conversations and online searches in real time. On November 11 , 2014 the government has asked the internet service companies to block pornography sites and upgrade their systems to ensure this .[19] Both the authoritarian and democratic governments are curtailing freedom on the Net by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“newer laws, regulations and directives to restrict online speechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [20] In India the web content filtering requests are coming from government authorities as well as fom private individuals through court cases . Even journalists like Burkha Dutt of NDTV are doing things which undermine the right of freedom of expression. A blogger was forced to remove the critical content accusing her of engaging in sensationalism and irresponsibly airing information about the movements of security forces when Dutt and NDTV threatened to seek punitive measures against the blogger through the courts. The Internet operates on an international basis but our laws operate on a territorial basis. Many of the legal issues surrounding the Internet are global in nature. Material on the Internet is held worldwide but can be accessed worldwide. Very little web material is held locally. Therefore India is actively raising the matters of Internet governance at UN level. Conclusion The Internet has undoubtedly posed new challenges for us. Privacy, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internet of Things,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and net neutrali ty are challenging governments around the world and international organizations .The new possibilities for free speech provided by the Internet have been used for many objectionable and illegal activities. Before attacking Internet censorship, one must understand the limitations of freedom of speech.Freedom of speech cannot be made an absolute right. . Some amount of regulation cannot be considered as an infringement upon peoples rights as the internet does have undesirable content not fit for public viewing due to many reasons. The government isnt being unreasonable by censoring the internet as it is merely doing its duty by protecting its people from potential danger. Law makers have a duty to pass laws and develop systems to address the issue of cybercrimes. Similarly our courts have a duty to protect our right to freedom of speech and balance the conflicting public and private rights and interests. The restrictions imposed must be reasonable and in public interest in all case s and not for political or other gains .We must make it sure that in our efforts to make the Internet safer, we are not eroding the freedom of speech guaranteed by the constitution. [1] F La Rue,Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Report to the Human Rights Council, 17thsession, UN Doc A/HRC/17/27 (2011), p 19. [2] Prof. Wolfgang Benedek and Dr Matthias C. Kettemann , From the extracts available online of Freedom of expression and the Internet (2014), ISBN 978-92-871-7702-5 [3] Prof. Wolfgang Benedek and Dr Matthias C. Kettemann , From the extracts available online of Freedom of expression and the Internet (2014), ISBN 978-92-871-7702-5 [4] Report released by the independent watchdog Freedom House, Freedom on the Net 2013à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [5] Keeping speech free on the Internet , Gary Shapiro- The Washington Times, Sunday, October 20, 2013 [6] Keeping speech free on the Internet , Gary Shapiro- The Washington Times, Sunday, October 20, 2013 [7] https://www.whitehouse.gov/net-neutrality [8] Hindustan Times , Nov 20 , 2014 [9] ONI Country Profile: India,Acce ss Contested, Ronald J. Deibert, John G. Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski and Jonathan Zittrain (Eds), OpenNet Initiative, MIT Press, November 2011, pp. 299-308 [10] Internet Enemies, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2012 [11] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India [W.P.(Crl).No. 167 of 2012] [12] MouthShut.com (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. UoI [W.P.(C).No. 217 of 2013] [13] Dilipkumar Tulsidas Shah v. UoI [W.P.(C).No. 97 of 2013] [14] Common Cause vs. Union of India [W.P.(C) No. 21 of 2013] [15] Rajeev Chandrashekhar v. Union of India [W.P.(C) No. 23 of 2013] [16] PUCL v. Union of India [W.P.(Crl) No. 199 of 2013] [17] Geoffrey King/CPJ Internet Advocacy Coordinator , Committee to Protect Journalists , January 13, 2014 https://cpj.org/x/583a [18] Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s declining Internet freedom- Any blow to the Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s free functioning is a blow to individual freedom. LiveMint , OCT 22, 2013. [19] www.economictimes.com , Nov 11 , 2014 [ 20] Freedom House report on Internet , 2013