Ethics of Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay

What is a categorical imperative? A categorical imperative is a moral obligation which is absolute and necessary in any moral situation and isn’t reliant on a singular person’s desires or wills. For Kant, categorical imperatives are the foundation for morality because they invoke â€Å"pure† reasons for our moral actions and decisions since each rational being reasons to act outside of their own personal desires or will which may cloud judgments or impose a biased verdict of the situation. Kant explains this by distinguishing two different kinds of imperatives; categorical and hypothetical. Obviously Kant is interested in categorical imperatives and uses this distinction to show the difference between them so that categorical imperatives come out stronger. As stated before, categorical imperatives according to Kant are moral obligations which are absolute and necessary in any moral situation and isn’t reliant on a particular person’s desires or purpose. He also says that categorical imperatives (obligations) are such if they are of a commanding or imposing nature. For example â€Å"Don’t murder! † is a categorical imperative which is binding to every rational person and forces a person to act of good will. Hypothetical imperatives on the other hand are obligations in which there is an end result of your action which is in turn a result of your personal desires our thoughts. An example of a hypothetical imperative is the statement â€Å"If you want to stay out of jail, then don’t murder†. Here, there is no sense of authority behind it; it doesn’t have any weight or value behind it. He further distinguishes that there are different types of imperatives which make us act or think the way that we do in a question of morality. These distinctions are imperatives of skill, imperatives of prudence, and imperatives of morality. Kant does recognize the imperatives of skill and prudence even though he doesn’t believe them to be intrinsically â€Å"good† or â€Å"of good will†. Imperatives of skill call for action and are a means to an end in which the end that the person is seeking isn’t the end result of happiness but something else. An example of this would be the duty to not smoke cigarettes in order to live a healthy lifestyle. Here, your end goal is to live a healthy lifestyle in order to avoid conditions associated with smoking. Imperatives of prudence also calls for action and is a means to an end but with the end result being a product of the person hoping to achieve happiness. For example, the duty to be polite and respectful so that others will do the same unto you and in turn you will be happy. Here, you are hoping to achieve the end of being happy by acting in a polite and respectful way. Imperatives of morality for Kant are totally different from those of prudence and skill. These duties do not have a specific means to an end but instead they represent a way of determining what to do because of what is morally right. These imperatives are the ones in which they are categorical since a rational being is one in which you are exposed to a situation in which you must determine what the right thing to do is and being a rational being, you choose the action which has good will which in turn means you are acting my duty due to respect and understanding of morality in general. For example the duty to not physically harm another person doesn’t have a specific end that will satisfy yourself but it is the morally right thing to do if you are a rational person who respects the wellbeing of yourself as well as others. How does he arrive at the conclusion that The Categorical Imperative is the â€Å"purest† way to reason your morals? He reasons that the only thing that is unconditionally good is the good will and that good will is an act of duty. For Kant, acting from your duty means not acting by your own desires and wills but for respect of morality in general. Looking at the Categorical Imperative versus other moral theories, the Categorical Imperative is the only one in which a person’s desires or inclinations aren’t needed to make a moral decision (versus Aristotle’s view that a person’s skill and acting prudently is what contributes to moral decisions). Therefore; the only thing that is unconditionally good is to act according to The Categorical Imperative. From this, Kant is saying that the amount of value placed on morals of any action or decision depends on moral duty and moral law. For Kant, if a person acts from a good will then they are acting by moral duty and if a moral decision is binding to every person capable of having a rational thought, then they are acting by moral law. Since both are required for a â€Å"pure rational reason†, then The Categorical Imperative is the only moral law which allows us to meet these requirements of allowing us to act from good will and to also be binding to every person. Even though Kant does seem to be making his point, he has many flaws in his reasoning. One problem is that he doesn’t look at the big picture; he seems to say that if we are to make a moral decision then it should be based on being intrinsically good so that you are able to universalize it which is a good thought however he doesn’t look at situations case by case. He doesn’t believe that there are any exceptions to his theory about categorical imperatives, he believes that it is morally right to act in a certain way for one situation, then you should act that way in all situations and also if it is wrong to act a certain way then it is wrong to act that way in any situation you are in. An example of this is say your best friend is very sick in the hospital and is feeling down. None of his/her friends seems to be coming to visit so your friend’s mom asks you to go and visit but then she adds that she will pay you twenty dollars if you go and do it. So you go and visit your friend which cheers them up. A few weeks later when they are out of the hospital, your friend’s dad accidentally tells your friend that you were paid by their mother to go visit. Your friend is infuriated and confronts you about the situation. Here is the dilemma: do you tell your friend that you were going to visit them anyway and the money was a bonus or do you lie and say that you never took the money in order to save your friend from hurt feelings and a damaged friendship? In this situation Kant would have you tell the truth because lying in general is immoral so if it is immoral in one situation, it is immoral in all situations no matter the circumstances. Another problem with Kant’s theory is that it creates contradictories since there is no room for exceptions even though some duties conflict with each other. An example I will use to show is this from the Bible in Numbers 10:4-6: â€Å"Who will give us meat to eat? † they said. â€Å"Think of the fish we used to eat free in Egypt, the cucumbers, melons, leeks, onions, and garlic! Here we are wasting away, stripped of everything; there is nothing but manna for us to look at! † Here, the Israelites are complaining about their new source of food which God provided for them, because it isn’t tasty and that is the only thing they have to eat. The Israelites are contradicting their new found freedom by wishing for the food they had back in Egypt when they were enslaved under the Pharaoh. Should they be thankful for their newfound freedom even though they have bad food or should they desire the good food they had while they were enslaved? This is a contradiction. Kant seems to only focus on the motives for our actions in moral situations versus the actual outcomes of our actions (which is kind of the point in acting or not acting in a dutiful way). There are many times in which we have good intentions for a situation but what ends up being the outcome of those intentions are abysmal. For example, consider a family member is terminally ill and is in constant pain on a daily basis. There is no hope of a cure or for the pain to diminish; your family member must endure the pain until the illness kills them. What if your family member asked you to aid in their plan to commit suicide in order to escape their pain? Say you come to the decision to help them after deciding it is the morally right thing to do. Without thinking of the outcome of the situation, you are soon found guilty of a felony charge of aiding in a suicide. Even though you had good intentions, the outcome of a person dying with the help of another person clearly outweighs the good and the outcome of the act is just as important as the decision itself. Overall, morality is too complex and full of exceptions to situations so that specific decision procedures won’t work. Kant believes that morality necessitates that we do the morally right thing because it is right, and for no other reason. He also believes that we should account ourselves to the same standards we would require of everyone else so that we aren’t placing exceptions for our own benefit. We must use our reason to come to our own conclusions about good will and ignore our predispositions even if they tend to point in the right direction. An action or decision is only intrinsically worthy because of your ought to do it, because of your obligation to do it. I think what Kant was trying to aim at was the importance of a person’s character (acting the right way even when you may not want to). Only the actions done from our obligations have any value. They have value because we will them from our obligations not because of the goal we try and achieve or the outcome we intend to happen. We have obligations to each other and our actions are right when we are correctly motivated in the face of every obstacle keeping us from those obligations. It isn’t easy being unbiased by our predispositions or desires, but predispositions and desires are often conflicting with what is right. Works Cited The Holy Bible: King James Version. Dallas, TX: Brown Books Publishing, 2004. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Print.

What Were the Main Problems and Issues Facing the Allies at the 1943 Teheran Conference (Eureka) and How Were They Dealt with?

What were the main problems and issues facing the Allies at the 1943 Teheran Conference (Eureka) and how were they dealt with? Intro The Teheran conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt between November 28th and December 1st 1943. It was the first World War 2 (WW2) meeting amongst ‘The Big Three’ (Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt) in which Stalin was present. The principal aim of the Teheran conference was to firmly establish a global allied strategy for the duration of the war, and basic plans for the post war era. Throughout the meeting the big three addressed many issues which were deemed to be preventing a global allied strategy. Chief discussion at the conference was centered on ‘Operation Overlord’ which incorporated the opening of a second front in Western Europe which the Big Three believed would be a decisive step to allied victory over Nazi Germany. At the same time the conference discussed how to deal with the escalating Mediterranean conflict, the territorial disputes on the Soviet/Polish frontier as well as discussing operations in Yugoslavia, relations with Turkey and Iran, and a separate protocol pledged to recognize Iran’s independence. The varying success the Big Three had in resolving these issues at the Teheran conference is arguable. Issues concerning the swift conclusion of the War were often agreed upon mutually as it benefited all three nations, however issues which conflicted the self-interest of the Big Three often forced them to compromise on a successful resolution, one that was often questionable, but necessary for the development of the Grand Alliance and to achieve the primary objective of creating a global allied strategy. The main problems faced at the Teheran conference were primarily concerned with the sole objective of defeating the Nazi and bringing the war to a rapid end. It is evident that conflict occurred in areas were hidden agendas and self-interest was bought by the Big Three. With hindsight the success of these resolves is questionable, it is clear that many issues which were deemed to be resolved at the Teheran conference in fact resurfaced in future conferences; such as Yalta and Potsdam. Operation Overlord 700 One of the chief focuses of the Teheran conference was the prospect of a second Western front in Europe. The matter was known as ‘Operation Overlord’, and would entail the allied invasion of German-occupied Western Europe. The issue at the conference was not whether the Allies would launch Operation Overlord, but rather when it would be launched, as it conflicted with Winston Churchill’s wishes to invade Italy through the Mediterranean. The reason for Operation Overlord’s conception varied among the leaders but had the primary objective of ending the war as soon as possible. For Stalin one of the most fundamental reasons for creating a second front was to ease pressure on the Soviet army which were being pressed [†¦] Page 356 The Big Three. Churchill’s priorities throughout the beginning of the Teheran conference remained with his operations in the Mediterranean. He believed that continuing operations in the Mediterranean would not jeopardise the success of Operation Overlord, Churchill’s demands at the Conference were clear, he demanded landing craft for two divisions in the Mediterranean which could be used to facilitate the operations in Italy or to aid in the invasion of the Rhode Islands if Turkey would enter the war. Churchill believed that from here Italy could be employed in support of Overlord. Roosevelt’s enthusiasm for the Mediterranean operations differed greatly from that of Churchill’s. For Roosevelt the dilemma was that in order to give enough landing craft to aid Churchill in the Mediterranean would mean delaying Overlord six to eight weeks, he insisted that increasing Anglo-American activities in Italy and the Mediterranean would cause a conflict in the build-up for a successful cross-Channel invasion (OVERLORD) in 1944. [†¦] Page 91 Major problems of WW2. At the Teheran conference it was concluded that, despite Churchill’s wishes, the cost of invading Italy via the Mediterranean would delay Overlord far more than both Stalin and Roosevelt thought was acceptable. Stalin gladly recognised the outcome of Overlords negotiation as it would guarantee his army the support they needed to fight off the German advance into the Soviet Union. Likewise Roosevelt embraced the outcome, his main priority was to find the quickest solution to the War’s end and he was advised by his Chiefs of staff; Operation Overlord was by far the quickest means of achieving this. Churchill had never been against Overlord; his argument was simply that Overlord should not take away the importance of operations in the Mediterranean, Churchill accepted the resolution which was reached at the Teheran Conference and pledged full British support to any future Allied operations. Soviet involvement in Japan 400 One of Roosevelt’s main objectives whilst attending the Teheran conference was to gain Stalin’s support for the War in Japan. Roosevelt felt that with the intervention of Stalin not only would it bolster his resources in the far east but it would also speed up the inevitable allied victory in Japan (Click) Stalin however would only consider invading Japan once Germany had been defeated as he did not want to risk spreading his army in addition. Stalin pledged to assist in the war against Japan after Germany was defeated and expressed his wish that, after the war, the 1941 USSR borders with Finland and Poland be restored; he also requested many War reparations such as key railroads in Manchuria to compensate his intervention in Japan. Click) it was agreed that Stalin would declare war on japan 3 months after the defeat of Germany. Post War Germany 400 Turning to the question of the division of post-war Germany the discussion centred on whether or not to split up Germany. (Click) Churchill was primarily more interested in seeing Prussia, the core of German militarism, separated from the rest of Germany. (Click ) On the other hand Roosevelt had a plan for the division of Germany in six parts. These six parts were: 1. All Prussia to be rendered as small and weak as possible. 2. Hanover and Northwest section. . Saxony and Leipzig area. 4. Darmstadt 5. South of the Rhine 6. Bavaria, Baden, and Wurttemberg Roosevelt’s proposal stated that these six areas should be self-governed and that there should be two regions under some form of International control. These were: 1. The area of the Kiel Canal and the City of Hamburg. 2. The Ruhr and the Saar, the latter to be used for the benefit of all Europe. (Click) Stalin agreed with both Churchill and Roosevelt as he felt that to contain military threat Germany may pose in the future the only solution would be to completely divide it. However, Stalin felt that Churchill’s idea to divide Germany into 2 large states would merely offer an opportunity for Germany to revive as a great State and therefore preferred Roosevelt’ plan to dissect Germany into 6 self-governed areas and 2 areas under allied control. Yugoslavian partisans 400 After an attack by German, Italian and Hungarian forces against Yugoslavia on the 6th April 1941, the kingdom of Yugoslavia collapsed. This resulted in King Peter and his government to flee the country. On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia appointed Tito Commander in Chief of all project national liberation military forces. Originally two groups emerged in the Yugoslavian resistance movement, the chetniks commanded by Draza Mihailovic and the partisans commanded by Tito. (Click) Initially both resistance movements operated in parallel, but by late 1941 began fighting each other in the attempt to gain control of the area following the end of the war. Stalin, who already supported Tito, wanted Roosevelt to recognize the partisans as the official resistance in Yugoslavia, rather than support Mihalovic. Click) Roosevelt up to this point had continued to aid the Chetniks as they fought against Germany but also against the partisans. (Click) Churchill advised Roosevelt that all support should go to Tito and that â€Å"complete chaos† would ensue if the Americans also backed Mihailovic. (Click) Stalin and Churchill were able to gain Rooseveltâ €™s support for Tito and the partisans in the form of supplies and equipment and also by commando operations. Soviet/Polish border disputes 400 A key reason for Stalin to attend the Teheran conference was his hope to gain Roosevelt and Churchill’s support for his territorial disputes with Poland. Stalin believed that the Polish Government in exile were closely connected with the Germans He stated that Russia, probably more than any other country was interested in having friendly relations with Poland, since the security of Soviet frontiers was involved. He said the Russians were in favour of the reconstitution and expansion of Poland at the expense of Germany and that they make distinction between the Polish Government in exile and Poland. (Click) Roosevelt said it was his hope that negotiations could be started for the re-establishment of relations between the Polish and Soviet Governments. He felt that the re-establishment of relations would facilitate any decisions made in regard to the questions at issue. He said he recognized the difficulties which lay in the way. (Click) Churchill said he would like to obtain the views of the Soviet Government in regard to the frontier question, and if some reasonable formula could be devised, he was prepared to take it up with the Polish Government in exile, and without telling them that the Soviet Government would accept such a solution, would offer it to them as probably the best they could obtain. If the Polish Government refused this, then Great Britain would be through with them and certainly would not oppose the Soviet Government under any condition at the peace table. (Click) To solve the issue Churchill suggested that Poland’s western borders would be extended east into Prussia to compensate for their eastern borders being reduced. Future of Iran 250 Future of Finland 250

Business Sustainability Performance †Free Samples to Students

The main purpose of strategic operations management is to help and support the business organizations to increase the overall performance. In order to achieve strategic operations successfully, the business organizations need to consider efficiency and flexibility. The strategic operations management consists of competitive business approaches and moves to ensure successful business performance. This helps the organizations to define the mission and vision of the business by setting accurate objectives and implementing and executing suitable strategies. The fact that everything is done strategically, defines the success of the operations management. This report emphasizes on identifying and analyzing the operations of the organization named Tindo Solar by considering the value chain of the organization. The report also includes the inbound and outbound logistics of the company and its effect on the customers. Tindo Solar is a solar panel manufacturing company based in Adelaide, Australia. Tindo Solar is a national company that designs and manufactures solar panel products strictly based on the Australian conditions. The products manufactured by the company are of superior-quality due to which the products are highly preferable among the customers. The solar panels manufactured by the company require minimal maintenance thereby, making the products cost-effective for the customers. Due to technological advancements, the company has incorporated the latest features in the solar panel products. Therefore, the solar panel products manufactured by Tindo Solar are highly automated and technologically advanced. By considering the present market trend, the company has made required amendments and inclusions in terms of technology in the products. As a result, the solar panels by Tindo Solar are highly preferable within the market and the customers. Moreover, the company provides various service o ptions to the customers such as easy finance and installation along with the installation charge as low as $2000. Furthermore, the company provides more than 20 years as guarantee period thereby, making it more reliable for the customers[1]. In order to run a business successfully, it is essential for the business organizations to conduct certain operations strategically. This helps in maintaining the track of the various strategic activities conducted for successful business operations. Settings goals timely and the ability of the business organizations to manage the vicissitudes of the daily operations of the business highlight the backbone of the business[2]. Therefore, effective management of the daily operations of Tindo Solar includes managing finances, operation planning, protection of business, benchmarking, supply chain management, management leadership, organizational design and business sustainability[3]. Finance management is a crucial aspect of for Tindo Solar, as this provided opportunity for appropriate financial resource management. Financial management is concerned with the acquisition, financing and management of assets thereby, resulting in the success of the business[4]. The business organizations fail to utilize its complete potential for growth and expansion without proper administration and effective utilization of finance. The main factors of financial management include investment decision, financing decision and dividend decision[5]. Therefore, Tindo Solar need to manage the finance of the company to conduct business successfully. By strategically conducting the investment decision, Tindo Solar will be able to determine the total amount of assets required retention by the organization. Secondly, Tindo Solar needs to manage the supply chain effectively as this will allow the organization for effective management of network planning, inventory control, distribution strategies, outsourcing and procurement[6]. The supply chain of Tindo Solar will help the organization to integrate the stakeholders from the supplier to the customers. This will also help Tindo Solar in promoting mutual sharing of information among the channel members thereby, helping planning and monitoring of the processes[7]. Co-operation among the channel members are essential for effective management of supply chain by promoting coordinated activities by Tindo Solar. Benchmarking is defined as the continuous systematic process of measuring own output or work process against the toughest competitors in the market[8]. Continuous benchmarking will help Tindo Solar to identify their strengths and weakness and work on it to sustain in the competitive market. As the use of solar panel is highly facilitated In Australia, it is essential for Tindo Solar to continuously compare and contrast their operational strategies with the best in the market. Therefore, this will help Tindo Solar to satisfy the customers better by fulfilling the needs and establishing new standards and goals[9]. Moreover, benchmarking will also motivate the employees of Tindo Solar by challenging them professionally and provide career growth. Ensuring business sustainability will allow Tindo Solar conduct business in Australia without hampering the environment but contributing towards the economy of the country[10]. Business sustainability is an integral part of the corporate risk management, as this allows the business organizations protect the environment while conducting business. Therefore, environmental sustainability for the business of Tindo Solar will provide an opportunity for the company to make responsible business decisions. Considering the nature of work done by Tindo Solar, it is already beneficial for the environment, as it is facilitating the use of solar panels within the people. Therefore, both economic and environmental aspect of the country is benefited due to appropriate business sustainability. The concept of lean product management theory is defined as the ability of the business organizations of being less wasteful along with doing things that are big for the country, its economy and the environment[11]. However, lean product management theory does not signify being cheap. Therefore, implementation of lean product management theory will help Tindo Solar to maintain the operations of the company by maintaining their profit level along with being less wasteful. The implementation of lean product management theory allowed the managers of Tindo Solar to get the value of the products to the market rapidly. The use of solar panels is highly preferable among the Australian population. Based on the increasing demand for the use of solar panels among the population, the managers of Tindo Solar has served the market. The company began its operation in 2003 and since then has been able to grow their business and customers base successfully. The organization has even opened its branches in Melbourne since the organization began conducting business. The use of this theory has helped Tindo Solar to penetrate the market into the half. Market penetration helped Tindo Solar in working towards the goal instead of building arbitrarily. According to the theory, the managers of Tindo Solar are able to explore the problems rather than emphasizing solely on the requirements. After evaluating the market, the managers came to know about the requirement of the customers. The customers were also encountering issues in terms of maintaining electricity and paying huge bills. Therefore, the company was able to explore the problems of the customers and gather to required features for solving the problem. The company started manufacturing and installing solar panels for the customers thereby, ensuring both solar and environmental help. The company also emphasized on spreading awareness among the people regarding the diverse application of solar panels along with low maintenance and fewer electricity bills. Ensuring business sustainability will allow Tindo Solar conduct business in Australia without hampering the environment but contributing towards the economy of the country[12]. Business sustainability is an integral part of the corporate risk management, as this allows the business organizations protect the environment while conducting business. Therefore, environmental sustainability for the business of Tindo Solar will provide an opportunity for the company to make responsible business decisions. Considering the nature of work done by Tindo Solar, it is already beneficial for the environment, as it is facilitating the use of solar panels within the people. Therefore, both economic and environmental aspect of the country is benefited due to appropriate business sustainability. The demand of using solar power panel in Australia has increased over the years due to the adverse environmental impact of the conventional electricity system[13]. The heating and cooling machines and systems contribute adversely towards the environment. Therefore, ensuring business sustainability will allow Tindo Solar to manage financial, environmental and social opportunities and obligations appropriately. It has been seen that in order to progress and compete, the business organizations are undertaking strategies without considering the adverse environmental impact. Global warming is one of the biggest examples of such negligence[14]. One of the sustainable business strategies undertaken by Tindo Solar is that the company has taken the initiative of going green with the commercial solar panel in Adelaide and Melbourne[15]. According to the rules and policies of the Australian Government, it is important for the organizations to produce energy from renewable resources[16]. The main motive of Tindo Solar is to produce residential and commercial energy to the people from sunlight. The company installs solar panels on the roofs and ground of the premises in such a way that direct sunlight falls on the panels. The photons of the sunlight then reach the panels and the photovoltaic tubes help in transferring it into useable energy. The use of solar panels for both commercial and residential is beneficial for the environment. The use of solar panels are beneficial are it is one of the renewable producers of energy. Solar panels can be used in all parts that receive sunlight[17]. The use of solar panel as the source of energy completely mitigates the chances of power or electricity cut. Moreover, solar panels can be used as long as sunlight is present in the environment. Therefore, this is a sustainable business approach used by the Tindo Solar that is beneficial for the country, its people and the environment. The solar panels provided by Tindo Solar have diverse applications but low maintenance costs thereby, making the use extremely profitable and beneficial for the environment and the company. The customers using solar panels only need to keep the panels clean and has no other maintenance costs[18]. Moreover, Tindo Solar provides a warranty period of more than 20 years for the products they install thereby, m aintaining sufficient environmental, social and financial sustainability. In this report, it can be concluded that Tindo Solar needs to implement strategic operations management for conducting business successfully. Tindo Solar energy is a solar company based in Adelaide, Australia. It is important for the company to manage the strategic operations in terms of financial management, benchmarking, supply chain and sustainability appropriately. The use of lean product management theory will help the organization to maintain the operational management of the product. The use of this theory helped Tindo Solar to manufacture products with huge benefit but not cheap. Moreover, Tindo Solar has a sustainable approach towards the environment of the country, as the company primarily emphasizes on the manufacturing of solar panels and installing them. This is a huge initiative undertaken by the company, as the solar panels have diverse applications and low maintenance costs. In addition to, the company also provides more than 20 years of warranty on their products the reby, ensuring financial and social sustainability. Amigoni, Francesco, et al. "Competitions for benchmarking: task and functionality scoring complete performance assessment." IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 22.3 (2015): 53-61. Azevedo, Susana G., et al. "Influence of green and lean upstream supply chain management practices on business sustainability." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 59.4 (2012): 753-765. Bansal, Pratima, and Mark R. DesJardine. "Business sustainability: It is about time." Strategic Organization 12.1 (2014): 70-78. Christiansen, Ulrik, Annemette Kjà ¦rgaard, and Rasmus Koss Hartmann. "Working in the shadows: Understanding ERP usage as complex responsive processes of conversations in the daily practices of a Special Operations Force." Scandinavian Journal of Management 28.2 (2012): 173-184. Christopher, Martin. Logistics & supply chain management. Pearson UK, 2016. Gao, Jijun, and Pratima Bansal. "Instrumental and integrative logics in business sustainability." Journal of Business Ethics 112.2 (2013): 241-255. Hepsà ¸, Vidar, et al. "Integrated Environmental Monitoring in Daily Operations." SPE Intelligent Energy International. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. Kayser, Mark Andreas, and Michael Peress. "Benchmarking across borders: electoral accountability and the necessity of comparison." American Political Science Review 106.3 (2012): 661-684. Matta, Andrea, et al. "Modelling home care organisations from an operations management perspective." Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal 26.3 (2014): 295-319. Ng, Anthony C., and Zabihollah Rezaee. "Business sustainability performance and cost of equity capital." Journal of corporate finance 34 (2015): 128-149. Poksinska, Bozena, Dag Swartling, and Erik Drotz. "The daily work of Lean leaders–lessons from manufacturing and healthcare." Total Quality Management & Business Excellence 24.7-8 (2013): 886-898. Slawinski, Natalie, and Pratima Bansal. "Short on time: Intertemporal tensions in business sustainability." Organization Science 26.2 (2015): 531-549. 'Solar For Business' (Tindosolar.com.au, 2017) accessed 31 August 2017 Stadtler, Hartmut. "Supply chain management: An overview." Supply chain management and advanced planning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 3-28. 'Tindo Solar –' (Tindosolar.com.au, 2017) accessed 31 August 2017.

Computer Center Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Computer Center - Case Study Example Figure 2 shows the configuration of Input 1. The other two inputs are configured similarly with only difference of arrival times. Figure 2: Settings of Inputs The job readers have normal distribution, all the three having the mean of 3 seconds and standard deviation of one second. The configuration screen is shown in figure 3. Figure 3: configuration of job readers. The Print Spooler (CPU) is configured with exponential distribution with mean of two seconds as shown in figure 4. Figure 4: Print Spooler configuration The Line printers are again configured with normal distribution having mean of 7 seconds and standard deviations 2.1 seconds as shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Line Printer Configuration Finally, the configuration of the simulation is presented in figure 6. All the statistics have been selected except costing. Figure 6: Simulation configurations Output of Simulation There is one precaution in the simulation. The maximum arrivals in all the three cases were set at 5000. Hence, by design the arrivals in input 2 would stop coming at 5000 whereas the other two will continue till their individual arrivals reach 5000 each (first Input 3 and then Input 1). If the simulations are allowed to continue even if arrival of entities in Input has reached 5000, the system will be left with only two active inputs (and later on only one active input when arrival of entities in Input 3 reaches 5000 as well). This could have resulted in wrong calculations of the system. Hence, the author stopped the simulation as soon as Input 2 reached 5000 entities. Following are the results of the simulation: (A) Number of entities entered the system: Figure 7: No. of entities entered... The inputs are configured as exponential with arrivals every 70 seconds for Input 1, every 15 seconds for Input 2 and every 35 seconds for Input 3. Figure 2 shows the configuration of Input 1. The other two inputs are configured similarly with only difference of arrival times. There is one precaution in the simulation. The maximum arrivals in all the three cases were set at 5000. Hence, by design the arrivals in input 2 would stop coming at 5000 whereas the other two will continue till their individual arrivals reach 5000 each (first Input 3 and then Input 1). If the simulations are allowed to continue even if arrival of entities in Input has reached 5000, the system will be left with only two active inputs (and later on only one active input when arrival of entities in Input 3 reaches 5000 as well). This could have resulted in wrong calculations of the system. Hence, the author stopped the simulation as soon as Input 2 reached 5000 entities. There was no waiting time per entity because no queues were formed anywhere in the system: This appears obvious because the arrival intervals of entities are much higher than overall throughput of the system. (C) Average throughput time per entity: The average throughput time per entity (value addition time + transfer time) is presented in figure 9.

The Differences between First Degress Murder, Second Degree Murder, Research Proposal

The Differences between First Degress Murder, Second Degree Murder, Third Degree Murder, Voluntary Manslaughter, and Involuntary - Research Proposal Example This paper examines the differences between the aforementioned categories of murder and manslaughter in addition to justifiable homicide. In United States, different states have various definitions for murder and manslaughter crimes. First-degree murder is considered as unlawful killing of a person by another with malice and premeditation (Milgate 199). To convict an offender for this crime, the court of law must prove that the perpetrator had planned or contemplated about committing the crime, had evil intent and conducted the crime with severe malice (Milgate 204). Under Illinois law, a person is guilty of committing first-degree murder if in undertaking the action fulfils one or all of the three conditions. The first condition is the intention to kill, cause severe bodily harm, or be ware that the action has the potential of causing death to a person or a group of people (The Legal Defenders). The second condition is that the person undertaking the action is knowledgeable that the act causes death or has the capacity to cause grievous bodily injury to the targeted individual. Finally, the third condition under Illinois law when a person is culpable of first degree murder is when he or she commits or attempt to commit a violent crime besides the second degree murder(The Legal Defenders). Under the Illinois law, a person is culpable for second degree murder if the action fulfils the definitions of first degree murder accompanied by one or both of the following conditions. First, the accused person should be acting out of intense emotions that originate from being provoked by another person leading to accidental death of the aggressor (The Legal Defenders). The second condition that a person could be liable for committing second degree murder under the Illinois law is unjustifiable use of force under the guise of self-defense (The Legal Defenders). According to Ressler et al (203), a person is justified to use force on another where there is sufficient reason to believe that the conduct of aggressor is likely to cause grievous bodily damage to him or another person. In situation where there is no sufficient reason to prove the existence of a serious threat presented by the killed person, the person who killed can be held liable for second degree murder. In most situat ions, second degree murders arise from spontaneous actions such as fights. The legal penalty for the crime is less severe than first degree murder (David, et al 305).

Discussion Questions 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Questions 2 - Coursework Example Achieving of these targets and thus successful strategy creation can be done through utilizing a series of â€Å"hows† that enables the company to plan its business growth, to meet customers’ needs and to prepare to the changing market conditions. The process of strategy implementation includes managing of operations aimed to achieve organizational goals and objectives. This part of converting strategic views into the concrete actions requires managers to direct organizational actions, be able to motivate people in order to meet the performance targets. A strategy is a distinctive way that allows the company to understand where it wants to be from the current situation, how to manage future direction and how to get there. It is also about how the company would be set apart from the rivals, respond to the changing market conditions, manage business, improve the performance gaps in order to achieve its competitive edge. These are the main conditions and reasons for the businesses to develop a strategy and why it is so important. Once a strategy is developed, an organization in ready to make decisions and involve stakeholders for future performance. As business model represents an economic spectre of making money, a viable business model allows an organization to have a material profit from its products and services but it also gives consumers a benefit from using them. Under such conditions, each part of the business, its owners and stakeholders, are satisfied with the outcome, which is profit for the company and good service or product for the

Benchmarking productivity in the hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benchmarking productivity in the hospital - Essay Example The study of how best to sustain safety in the workplace should also be undertaken. In our survey, first, we identified a number of key benchmarks. These included the number of nurses attending to a full time physician as well as the number of patients allocated to every nurse. Questions were then developed for these benchmarks and organized categorically. In this staffing, demographics and expenses categories, the easiest questions would be answered first. Participants were informed that they did not have to answer all questions. Respondents, who came from the in and out patient population, were quizzed as to the number of drug administration services and examination practices had been given by nurses between specified visits to the hospital. Given by way of questionnaire, responses were received from 73 patients (20%). Of these, 15 were new mothers, 34 were oncology cases and 24 were admitted patients recovering from communicable diseases. Results showed that established patient visits per nurse were 5. Nurses commonly split their duties between the maternity ward and the pediatric ward. They also performed other administrative duties such as signing in patients as the hospital had not yet located a receptionist. Admitted patients were also asked to indicate the number of chairs and other furniture in their rooms. The number of initial drug administration codes was calculated by the number of full time nurses. It was then multiplied by the number of days during the month in which this study was carried out. Patients per full time nurse per working day, including those who did not have serious injuries, ranged from 3.7 to 8.1. The results of this study indicate that nurses though slightly strained in attempts to cater for the large volume of patients, the majority of whom had minor injuries, were adjusting favorably to the increased requirements of the populace. It does show an indication of

Libor Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Libor Scandal - Essay Example The dishonesty that was exposed by the authorities was very shocking and that the ultra conservatives needed to exploit the public by weeping into public gallery. When the authorities ignore incessant warnings about the true health of the system, they merely choose to be on the sidelines yet the problem continues to spiral out of control. The society must constantly drive for more control, through several bodies and commissions and their agencies, they seem to coil under the weight pressure of such scandals. The system of relationship between the authorities and business is a network of personal interests complicated by the mutual rules and regulation governing such a relationship and underpinned by a culture of ‘too big to fail’. The authorities must use their discretions to punish those manipulating the system for profit fully, and this must be conducted without fear and favor. As a consequence the most important lesson the society should have learned from the Libor sc andal is the perpetrators going out of business, but then again this might cause further pain for non- participants of the scandal such as their customers and shareholders. However, the real perpetrators such as the traders and the brokers should feel the full force of the law for their actions in manipulating the Libor rate; therefore, they must be charged with criminal offence. When people argue about the evils of capitalism, they fail to notice that the system cannot manipulate itself; it takes the people effort to do that. The writer of the post decries the weight that the system carries, he notes when a scandal breaks out, the system bears the blame yet people cause such scandals. On the other hand,... When people argue about the evils of capitalism, they fail to notice that the system cannot manipulate itself; it takes the people effort to do that. The writer of the post decries the weight that the system carries, he notes when a scandal breaks out, the system bears the blame yet people cause such scandals. On the other hand, the Business Week claims that the Libor scandal had the consequence of destroying the entire worlds’ financial structure; this is because several people relied on the Libor rate as the benchmark rate. The rate is standard for over 360 trillion of securities loans including students and bonds, and its manipulation might have enormous results. The paper reported that there are several lawsuits filed seeking compensation from the world’s top banks such as Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Barclays, and Citigroup amongst other banks. Predictably, the banks moved to court to counter the suit by application to the court for dismissal of the suit, and these banks faced an uphill task of winning back their clients back after the enormity of this scandal was revealed. Consequently, these banks are likely to face protracted cases in court by aggrieved parties from all over the world at least thirteen different suits have been filed in the US. The paper further persuades the investors not to take lightly the importance of the issue ‘Investors should not minimize the importance of this matter’. The authorities must always have the interests of the wider public at heart.

Russia's Most Important Economic Sectors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russia's Most Important Economic Sectors - Essay Example Shortly after liberty, the new Russian government announced a much more determined program of political and economic reformation. The agenda included an alteration of the financial system from the values of state planning which is the basic and administrative direction to the well agreed market-based economics. As result â€Å"The economic decline bottomed out in mid-2009 and the economy began to grow in the third quarter of 2009† (Economy – Overview n.d.). On the other side, Russia’s financial growth was still focused mainly in a few sectors. The advantages of growth were not widely dispersed throughout the society. Over one-third of the people of the Russian Federation sustained to live below the poverty line. According to some study it is very clear that Russia’s long term challenges are inadequate workplace, corruption, complexity in accessing capital for smaller – non energy companies, and deprived infrastructure in need of huge investments. Ru ssia ranks ninth as the largest economy of the world: it contributes to the sixth place by purchasing power. The country has abundance of the petroleum, oil and natural gas. The country is also the store house of rare and precious metals. Despite the setbacks faced by the other countries in the erstwhile Soviet Union, Russia managed to be in a good position in the world’s economy. The main sectors of the Russian economy are energy, natural resources, agriculture, industry and manufacturing. Energy Sector: One error of the energy business is its construction, which is subjected by government-backed monopoly and distinguished by inequity next to private businesses, small family operators and global players. State-owned company such as Gazprom or Rosneft, as well as several confidential companies with close links to the supporting leadership such as Gennady Timchenko’s Novatek, has privileged admission to licences, upstream assets, tax exception etc. Foreign investors are able to function in Russia only if they set up good functioning relationships with member of the controlling clans. The quickest way to be honored projects and contract in Russia is to present those clans stake in reputable international companies. The energy sector also endures from poor value of administration. Since the rein of Vladimir Putin and his associates to power in 2000, activities to important positions in the Russian establishment, as well as the energy industry, have been made according to certain criterion: individual loyalty and the capability to manage cash flows Natural Resources Including Coal, Gas, Oil, Timber and Metals Sectors: Russia may contain as much as 35% of the world's supply of natural gas. It has proven reserves nearly twice that of Iran, the number two spot holder. Its reserves of oil are debated, but the US Geologic Survey estimates that they may be as high as 25% of the world's oil. The US Department of Energy states: "Russia is also the world's la rgest exporter of natural gas, the second largest oil exporter, and the third largest energy consumer" (Russian Resources 2010). The vast gas, oil, coal, and timber raw materials of Siberia and the Russian Far East create Russia rich in mineral deposits. On the other hand, most such resources are positioned in remote and climatically adverse

English contract act Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English contract act - Coursework Example A promise to offer something of value shall be regarded as consideration. A promise to repair a house next month is the analogues of carrying out the yard work in reality when assessing whether consideration is there or not. There should be a deal between two parties if one promises to do something if the other carryout some obligation. Consideration should not be relates to earlier period. It should have moved from the side of the promisee. Consideration should be satisfactory. It must not refer something the promise which is already required to be carried out. It must be within the purview of law. (Beatty et al 2007:276). According to Sir Frederick Pollock, consideration can be defined as â€Å"an act or restraint of one party usually known as promisee or the promise thereof is the cost for which the promise of the other is purchased (the promisor) and the promise thus offered is enforceable.† The same view was also adopted by Lord Dunedin in â€Å"Dunlop v. Selfridge.† (Andrews 2011:125). â€Å"What the law means?† In English law, when one party wants to make a promise without any compensation or consideration through an agreement which requires another party to pay or do something, is known as naked agreement or a nude pact or nudum pactum. Thus, a nudum pactum agreement entered without any seal is void in law, and a party cannot be coerced to perform upon it as per the maxim â€Å"Ex nudo pacto non oritur actio.† (Brown 2006:374). Gratuitous promises are unenforceable unless made in a written deed format which means a promise which is in writing, duly signed, had witnesses and duly delivered. In this case , a nationwide charity asks Simon if any of the artists signed to his record label would be prepared to perform free of charge at an open-air concert to celebrate the closing of the Olympic Games. Hence, the charity wants Simon to provide service of his record label free of charge which is known as Gratuitous promise, which is unenforceable in English law. In this case, the charity should have compelled Simon to sign an agreement to provide service free of charge, and any oral promise by Simon will be regarded as a gratuitous promise which is said to lack â€Å"consideration.† Thus, even if Simon has made a moral or casual commitment, it will be regarded as nudum pactum, which is having no legal impact under English law. On the other hand, if there is a contract between Simon and the Charity, which is duly corroborated by consideration, then Simon has the obligation to fulfil his promise. Why/how the law is relevant to Simon using cases (with full citation) to illustrate and support points made where appropriate? A promise which is given after the performance of an act is not enforceable under the English Contract Act. This is known as past consideration and has been acknowledged as not a good consideration. The main objective for this is that the performance or act in question is not part of any e xchange or bargain, and it is rather gratuitous. Hence, any promise made subsequently will not form part of any contractual bargain and not enforceable. Those supposed agreements, which are without any consideration like one-sided undertakings, which may be binding a party morally but not enforceable under the contract law. In the eighteenth century, an effort was attempted by the courts in UK to define consideration so as to include some pre-existing moral commitments. In specific

How to Become an Interior Decorator Essay Example for Free

How to Become an Interior Decorator Essay Analyzing interior designing websites provide excellent information to aspiring interior designers and decorators. Interior designing and interior decorating appears to be an easy, fun career. How hard can it be to transform rooms into a fantasy comparable to DisneyLand? Researching sites allows the student to make necessary accommodations to achieve their objective. Atotalwaste. com/interiordecorator is a site providing easy to understand and clear distinctions between a designer and decorator. The site very clearly lists the job duties and education requirements of a designer and decorator. It states the list of organizations associated with interior designing. The difference of what a designer does and a decorator does are listed. The site explains why the requirements for interior designers are more thorough. Interior designers are responsible for a lot more than just the physical appearance of a room or home they are decorating. They are also responsible for the safety and welfare of the public. The contribution of the designers is clearly outlined. Everyone on the outside looking in, envisions designers making buildings, rooms, and houses look very pretty. The article lists duties that no one realizes. Designers work on public buildings, such as airport terminals. Interior designers are hardly imagined as someone responsible for airport security. The site gives an overall positive image of interior designers. The designers are spoken in higher regard than decorators. â€Å"Anyone can be an interior decorator† does not show a flattering or respected image of decorators. It compares designers and decorators like nurses and nurse’s aids. Designers depend on decorator’s assistance. â€Å"I do not want to have to spend years of studying, worrying about things like building codes, and write an examination to be certified. Can I just start decorating people’s houses without going through all that. † People attracted to this profession are not likely to have such an attitude. Toward decorators, a hard language is used. Decorators are shown as more of a working class profession instead of professionals. Many designers start off as interior decorators, but have goals to become designers. Respected, upper class people are drawn to this profession, both designing and decorating. There are some people who just want professional advice to decorate their houses or friends houses, but they are not drawn to the profession. In that situation, they would attend a lecture or meeting given by a professional designer or decorator. The site speaks much softer and flattering of designers. Health, codes and safety, except for a brief overview of designer’s responsibilities, are not mentioned. It does mention that professional standards are set by the American Society of Interior Designers or the Interior Designers of Canada. Certification and testing through National Council for Interior Design Qualification are mentioned. The specifics are not. Exact privileges once designers fulfill requirements are not listed in the site. Designers are responsible for health, codes and safety, but no actual details are listed. Overall this site does speak well of interior designers. Interior designers work for and earn the prestige and respect they receive. Unknown important responsibilities of designers are mentioned. It shows surprising facts that designers have a very important role to play. Interior designers are not just there to make a beautiful fantasy happen. It looks that way. Atotalwaste. com provides somewhat uncommon information on interior designing profession.

Recruitment and selection Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and selection Essay Vacancies for jobs exist in businesses for one of the reasons below: A new job becomes available because of the expansion of the organisation. When the economy is growing and people are becoming better off organisations take advantage of that and expand their operations. To do this they may take on extra employees. This is more likely to create new jobs, preferring instead to use other methods listed below under alternatives to filling a vacancy. Someone in the organisation has retired Someone has been dismissed Internal promotions have occurred- the vacancy arises because the previous holder has been given a better job either in the same business or establishment. This is dealt with below under filling the vacancy- internal candidates. Someone has died- Some employees may die during their working lives. There is a restructuring of the business, which means there are gaps to be filled in the organisation Someone has left because they have found a better one or dont like there job. Alternatives to filling a vacancy Human resources management departments are under constant pressure to justify the filling of a vacancy because it will save the organisation money if they do not. There are several alternatives to filling a vacancy, all with benefits and all with disadvantages too: overtime by the remaining employees restructuring of the work employing part-time staff more use of machinery/technology At this critical stage it is important that the human resources manager looks critically at the job description and person specification for this vacancy. From these documents (examined later in this chapter) it will be possible to assess how far it is practical to rely on these options instead of the filling the vacancy. Read more:Â  Recruitment and Selection Strategies Finding applicants If the human resources manager, after consideration of alternatives examined above, decides that the vacancy will need filling, then the next stage will be where to look for candidates. There are only two sources of candidate- internal and external. Internal candidates Unless a vacancy is for the lowest grade job possible, there will be internal candidates who are interested in the vacancy for promotion. Internal promotion is an important method of motivating employees and is identified by several writers as a feature of a best practise employer (i.e. a good employer who tries to do everything properly). Advantages to the employer of internal appointments An organisation with a reputation for internal advancement will find it easier to motivate staff, whereas in organisations where internal advancement is rare, staff will be less committed to the work and may be preoccupied with external job applications. The organisation will attract better candidates if they see there is a future career in it. Many candidates will be local people who have bought homes there, have children at local schools and husbands/wives in other local jobs. Internal candidates know the business and what will be expected of them, and they can become effective in the new job very quickly. Although there is bound to be bitterness from other internal applications who do not get the job, they will at least feel that there will be another career opportunities in the organisations and that they will get promotion later on. The organisation will not need to rely upon external references when choosing from internal applicants accurate information will be available from departmental heads and other colleague. Disadvantages to the employer of internal appointments The candidates doing well role conflict in that they are now senior to people with who they worked with as equals- there may be a problem for them in asserting their power. A person promoted internally may be expected to pick up the new job in an unreasonably short space of time. Filling a vacancy internally leaves another vacancy to fill note also that where an employer is practising equal opportunity policies they cannot favour internal when filling vacancies. External candidates Job Description A job description lists the main tasks required in a job. More and more organisations have job descriptions for every job they have- from the caretaker to the managing director. In drawing up a job description the personal department has a number of alternatives. These are: The line manager can draw up a description of what the job entails The existing job holder can do it The human resources manager can interview the job holder and the line manager to find out what the job involves. In most cases it is probably best to combine approaches. Clearly the second approach may produce a biased view of what the job involves. After all, most people are likely to exaggerate the importance of what they do and the effort that is required to do it. Moreover, the job holder may emphasise those duties they prefer to do rather that their most important duties. Also, since they are leaving they may not bother to do a very thorough job of it anyway. On the other hand, in approach to my first point- the line manager will probably miss out many little but important tasks which are only obvious to the job holder. The aim of the exercise is to itemise all the tasks involved in a job and try to allocate to proportion of the working week to each task. The list of tasks, and the relative importance of each one, is vitally important for several reasons: In carrying out appraisals of employees- a manager cannot appraise his employees if he/she does not know what the job involves When analysing the job for training needs the manager must be able to see what tasks a job involves so that he/she can determine what training may be required. In planning the size of the workforce for the future, it will be necessary to know exactly what tasks each job involves in case the re-allocation of tasks between jobs is required, e.g. three people may be required to share the work of a forth post which is being made redundant- this cannot be done fairly without a detailed knowledge of the tasks involved in the forth post. For pay determination- analysis of, and comparisons between, job descriptions means that each job can then be allocated a pay rate. This process is known as job evaluation. A simple example is where clerical jobs which include the responsibility for handling money get a higher ranking, and therefore higher pay, than clerical jobs which do not. Clearly, none of this is possible without good quality and detailed job descriptions. Drafting the Job Description From all the information collected, by whichever method is chosen, it will then be necessary to draw up the document itself. People that apply for jobs will be sent a job description along with an application form and a personal specification. Main features of a job description- 1. The job title 2. The location of the job 3. A brief outline of what the employing organisation does 4. The main purpose of the job 5. A detailed list of the main tasks required 6. The standards that the job holder will be required in the job 7. Pay other benefits 8. Promotion prospects 9. The person to whom the job holder reports 10. The person(s) who report(s) to the job holder. This days employees are expected to be more flexible and to be able to do a wider range of work. This shows that point 1 tends to be broader than it used to be. Advertising the Job Before writing the advertisement the employer must determine exactly what is wanted from the job being advertised. To ensure this the employer must look carefully at the person specification, what type of person is required, job description, what the person will be required to do in the job, before writing the advert. Ikea Part-time Human Resources Administrator 26 hours per week To maximise your HR initiatives to strengthen our vision, business idea and HR idea to make IKEA the best retailer to work for in the UK market. You will provide administration support to the small HR team including preparing contracts, logging and following up job applications and taking responsibility for monitoring the sick procedure. You will be able to work on your own initiative with high accuracy and attention to detail. You will be computer literate including using MS Word and Excel plus experience of using databases. You will have the ability to demonstrate a high degree of confidentiality and have excellent interpersonal skills. You will ensure that HR filing systems are maintained and up to date. You will contribute to the development of the HR function in the store. Hours will be 26-30 hours per week, 5/7 days Letter of application, CVs and references Once Ikea has attracted a number of candidates, the next stage will be to reduce all the candidates to a smaller enough group so they can all be individually invited for an interview. For most jobs e.g. cashier there are many applicants and a simple quick process is needed to sort them out. Some jobs are more complicated, these would be jobs like a manager position where there would be few candidates who will be taken seriously which means Ikea can spent more time on investigating them. The three main documents assessed in this sorting process are: Letter of application Curriculum Vitae (CV) Application form All Business require at least on of these documents when recruiting more staff. CV Some people unfortunately to not take time and care on their CV. These people do it in an unprofessional and untidy way which will not impress a possible employer. These CVs are usually badly typed or even hand written. If you arent that confident that you could write and put together your own CV then these days there are plenty specialists agencies that can prepare CVs for people in a professional manner. CVs should always be written in a word processing document and printed neatly. In your CV you put everything that would normally be asked for in an application form this includes- Name and Address Telephone number E-mail address Date of Birth Martial status Education and qualifications Training Employment history Hobbies and interests References When listing employment in chronological order, start with the most recent job, this same rule applies to education and employment. Letter of Application This is just a letter that could be written or word-processed asking for the job and explaining why the writer is suitable for it. The letter will be structured in any way the writer thinks is appropriate to the job, this fact alone makes it a useful selection method. Advantages The personnel staff will have identified specific requirements from the job and person specifications. They can then compare these with information on the forms. The business only needs to interview those people who have met those qualifications the business is asking for. References There are several different types of references. These are: Testimonial a letter, usually from a former employer or teacher which will say very positive and kind things about the applicant. As the applicant has been given this letter it is unlikely that the writer will make anything other than positive helpful statements (clearly, if the writer did say something critical the applicant would tear the testimonial up and look around for someone else to write one) Reference letters requested the prospective employer- this is the most usual type of reference. The letters are confidential so that the referee can be completely honest without embarrassment, but it may not tell the prospective employer all he/she know. Employers can learn to read between the lines, and often omission of information can be a telling factor. Reference forms some organisation, the civil service for example, use a structured form with specific questions about the applicant. These include assessments on effort, ability, and about their honesty and health Telephone references some organisations telephone the people given as references. The main benefit is that the recruiter can asses the tone of the voice of the referee, and this can often say far more about an applicant than a letter can. Medical reference most employers will carry out some kind of medical check up even if it is just a completion of a medical form asking a few simple questions. These checks are necessary because- * The employer needs to safeguard the health of other employers * The job itself may require specific health standards * If an employer is to join a company pension scheme a medical check- up will be needed * Medical matters of growing importance- notably the problem of AIDS- may mean that in the future medical checks will have to be tougher, this includes blood tests. Interview Interviewer- The interview is one of the last stages within the recruitment process and one of the most important, often these days the applicant will also get a small test of some kind to go along with the interview. Interviews are arranged for nearly all kinds of jobs. Only a few of the people who applied for the job will get interviewed this is because after the human resources department have sifted through all the CVs, application forms, and references they should have narrowed the list down to a few applicants. The list is narrowed down to save time and money this is because usually the senior manager must be present at an interview, this means if he has less interviews to do he has more time for other things. Interviewing- interviewing has to be conducted in an appropriate manner for the business if it is not the business may get a bad name from it. To prevent this most businesses follow these simple rules- The interviewer must ask what are my objectives? What im a looking for? How will I phrase the question I am going to ask? The interviewer must be able to fill in the gaps that the CV and application form didnt answer. Decide if the vacancy requires just one interviewer or two. It could even have a panel of up to 4-5 interviewers. There are advantages and disadvantages to each approach. 1. One on one interviews put applicants at ease so that they will talk more naturally the problems are that A single interviewer lacks range A single interviewer is more likely to suffer from bias and can be highly prejudiced. Mirror imaging favouring candidates who are like them. Halo effects favouring candidates who have particular attractive characteristics even if those characteristics have little bearing on the job applied for. Horns effect opposite to above. Tests Nowadays it is increasingly common for employers to expect job applicants to carry out tests this is to give a fuller picture of their ability for the job applied for. These are usually referred to as aptitude tests. They are appropriate for manual work where there is some skill involved and also in office work where applicants might be required to take short typing or word processing test. For professional posts such as tests are less usual because it is felt that the candidates qualifications, references and experience are sufficient evidence. In more recent years new developments in testing have included. Psychometric Testing Psychometric tests assess the intelligence and personality of applicants. They are much more sophisticated than aptitude tests and the employer must have properly trained staff to analyse the test results properly. Such tests are particular valuable when assessing intelligence, interest in the job applied for, motivation and personality. The producers of such tests (there are dozens available) Verbal reasoning This test is to see how you reason with words. Contact The contact side of the recruitment process is the simplest of all the areas of function. The business uses methods such as telephone, e-mail, and letters to contact any applicants who may have applied for the job. The human resources department maintains this to make sure the business ensures these methods are kept in place.

Analysis Of LOreal Garnier Maybelline Products

Analysis Of LOreal Garnier Maybelline Products 1. Introduction The rising style of industrialization and developing expertise in interaction and shipment allow the clients to retrieve and interpret a large diversity of goods and facilities from other nations. The fact that clients frequently assess the overseas goods differently in contrast to local goods has been discovered by prior investigations (Wang et al., 2004). It has been stated that clients of progressed nations prefer locally manufactured goods as against foreign made ones (Bilkey Nes, 2002) while users from progressing nations favour foreign products over locally made ones (Wang et al., 2004). The idea behind this being that they consider foreign goods to be of superior quality in contrast to local goods and also individuals equate using overseas products as being a status symbol or as being fashionable. The number of users in developed nations for example India or China are more in number and have access to goods that are manufactured in western or developed countries. In such a competitive environment, vendors essentially need to understand the reasons behind users of developing nations selecting goods of other countries imported or domestic. Client choices related to specific creations must be considered not to be a string of unlinked and independent options, these choices involve equations between personal, items or creations state Hogg and Michell (2006). It is accepted that one needs to comprehend client conduct in context to both domestic and foreign goods as overseas marketing is fast becoming an essential part of the global financial systems (Netemeyer et al., 2001). Several investigations related to this subject are centered on what are the name and the location of belonging influence; investigate the way how clients scrutinize goods introduced from specific countries. Older studies which have investigated the location of belonging influence have scrutinized item kinds such as different cars, footwear, video players and groceries for clients located in Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and the USA and several others (Ahmed and dAstous, 2006 and Elliott and Cameron, 2004). Several researchers in Europe have examined the influence of the place of origin on selection viewpoints (Ettenson, 2003; Liefeld et al., 2006), good representation (Peris et al., 2003), client outlooks, and the produced in Europe notion (Schweiger et al., 2005), client viewpoint and the created in Europe concept. The development and sustenance of the local manufacturing segment in noninterventionist economy depends on how clients like the goods manufactured in that particular country. Local manufacturers face tough competition from many foreign products which have made their mark globally. This is especially relevant in emerging countries whose manufacturing is restricted to primary products. It is in such nations that the development of manufacturing sectors faces hurdles as clients prefer using foreign goods from developed nations as against domestic ones or ones from lesser developed countries (Ettenson 2003). The twenty first century is witnessing the usage of extravagant products (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009) though the number of firms marketing extravagant goods is very low (Uche Okwonko, 2007). All individuals desire lavish goods especially as far as fashionable goods are concerned. Despite the era of industrial revolution, the first or second world wars or liberalization the past centuries have observed that several opulent brands have made their mark globally. The era of internationalization has resulted in the availability of several sources of opulence. This is the result of the role played by growth of businesses, financial systems, new businesses, rise in spending by people and even interactions. This is evident by the fact there are reputed Japanese luxury brands in European countries which employ Chinese silk as raw substance for manufacturing goods (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009). This has resulted in people globally being aware of the international fashion brands. The current days have seen the diminishing of societal division. However individuals are yet likely to differentiate class in community by the leader and individuals who are wealthy like to display their wealth and opulent lifestyle. Thus luxury has begun to indicate superior choice and money which every individual desires. One of the emerging nations from which several products of different nations are imported is UAE. 2006 saw the import value touch 125,975 million US dollars which is expected to touch 137,943 million US dollars by 2007 (World Bank 2007, as quoted in Chaisitthiroj, 2007). Studies undertaken previously deduced that the approach towards international products as against local brands was more affirmative as they considered global brands to be of superior quality (Masayavanij, 2007. This was in line with the investigation undertaken by Cengiz Kirkbir (2007) which concluded that people in emerging nations consider overseas goods to be of superior quality and more dependable as against locally manufactured goods. Simultaneously another investigation related to UAE client approach and outlook related to international as against local clothes deduced that UAE individuals prefer foreign clothes on account of their better resiliency, quality, good looks, fashionable appearance, and brand name and style because they are made in nations that have advanced expertise. As a result, UAE clients prefer to buy foreign clothes (Sae-Jiu, 2007). Another study also deduced that UAE clients considered overseas brands to be much better in terms of quality and worth for money as against local clothes (Suvachart, 2002) and the nature of UAE clients is such that they emphasize on quality and prefer to pay more for foreign brands. Thus, foreign brands significantly influence the outlook and conduct of UAE clients. Ukpebor and Ipogah (2008) opine that a strong brand is likely to improve a clients approach power related to the product linkage of a brand. As Vranesevic and Stancec (2003), have asserted the significance of a brand is evident by how it influences the clients options and their allegiance by recognizing and distinguishing not only quality and source but by developing augmented worth. One of the advance policies is that a strong brand can seize the attention of a client. In emerging countries, clients have specific anticipations from the brands are inclined to depend on the brand as a mark to buy goods (Reardon et al., 2005). Despite, the luxury segment being tiny in contrast to other firms globally, the luxury fashion segment has been a multi-billion dollar segment globally. It is important in driving the economy and impacting the contemporary society. Chadha and Husband (2006) further stated that the democratization of luxury brands in the nineties allowed common man to access fashionable goods. Also one can find luxury present at every place in the current times (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009). 2. Problem Statement Overseas goods are frequently evaluated in a different manner as compared to parallel domestic products by users (Herche, 2002). The location of belonging influence research undertaken in majority of developed countries has pointed out that if information related to a product is insufficient then users choose domestic branded articles in lieu of global goods (Bilkey and Nes, 2002). Clients often form opinions related to the standard of the apparel based on the mannequin wearing clothes (Dickerson, 2002). To be specific, the outlook of criteria associated with imported clothes was not regarded to be as important. However, there appears to be a direct relation amongst evaluations of evaluation of domestic products and the norm of monetary development of the location of belonging (Gaedeke, 2003). On the other hand, a contrasting style of location of belonging investigations can often be viewed in lesser developed nations where clients really select imported goods in contrast to locally manufactured ones (Agbonifoh and Elimimian, 2009). This is more likely to be seen in situations when imported products are related to evident buys (Marcoux et al., 2007; Piron, 2000). Clients often buy and use luxurious foreign goods to keep up with the joneses or baffle others instead of the monetary aspect or real application of the products (Mason, 2001). This has not been limited to the affluent section of the society but can be witnessed across the entire society and income divisions including the poor and the rich (Mason, 2001; Basmann et al., 2008).This is evident by fashionable apparel are ones which are noticeable and also a mark of standing in society (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). As has been put forth by Chaisitthiroj (2007), the beauty segment is one sector in the market that clients have several options of imported goods and they are regarded to be well-known for beauty clients. This is evident in UAE as their lifestyles are transforming and becoming more contemporary thanks to the growth and this is visible more so as far as UAE women who reside in the urban regions are concerned (Chaisitthiroj, 2007). Presently, they pay attention to how they look as they consider buying cosmetic goods an extension of their personality. In the words of Cash et al. (2009 as quoted in Guthrie et al., 2008), ladies using beauty products are more contented with how they look including their general appearanceand deem themselves to be more beautiful compared to their friends when they have their makeup on. When this investigation was undertaken, UAE was grappling with an economic recession (Bangkok Bank, 2009). Despite the recession, the cosmetic segment has withnessed continous uptrend (growth) (US. commercial service 2008). A tiny role of the cause lies in the fact that beauty brand asset are crucial drivers. It was asserted by Drucker (2005), that during economic recession, people spend money cautiously, so beauty firms depend on promotion and brand name identification to gain revenues.Additionally, the usage of marketing mediums in several novel mediums including internet improves the brand exposure to an extended set of likely clients (Kumar et al., 2006). On the other hand, it has been asserted by Suvachart (2001) that UAE clients have the attribute of being innovators who are likely to shift to new brands or goods thus indicating they are not really brand committed. Additionally, when Speece (2008) studied brand commitment of clients located in Bangkok, it was discovered that only 80-85 percent were committed to brand to goods which required low participation and did not depicted solitary brand commitment. The investigators discovered that there was a lack of research related to UAE clients outllok and conduct related to imported makeup goods which is one of the significantly developing market industries in UAE (Wiwutwanichkul, 2007). The subsequent segment will discuss details related to the UAE cosmetic market to offer a general view of the exisitng market scenario and the reason behind undertaking the research will be discussed. 3. Research Purpose The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of brand on consumer purchasing decision of foreign makeup product. The outcome of the research would be beneficial to marketing professionals especially in UAE cosmetics-makeup industry to understand the target consumer-whether brand equity affect their purchasing decision. To what extent the brand equity lie in their purchasing will be investigated as it will help foreign brand marketer to see their strengths and weaknesses in their use of brand equity and can improve their performance accordingly. At the same time, the research can assist domestic marketers to adapt the knowledge to their marketing plan and activities to satisfy customers and provide the offerings based on the factual consumers needs. 4. Research Questions To fulfill the aim and purpose of this study, the authors have formulated the research questions by relying on the background and problem statement as the following: If and how the personal value, social recognition, and demographic impacts UAE customers for their luxury fashion brand purchases and which marketing strategies should be used to suit their purchasing intention? 5. Research Aims The aim of this research is to identify the influences of brands and its assets on consumers purchase decision. According to the above discussion, quantitative method was chosen as it best fits the nature and purpose of this study that attempts to understand UAE consumers behaviour in making decision to buy makeup products. Hence, a questionnaire-based survey is selected as the major tool in data collection of the study. 6. Literature Review The prior research international brands in the up-and-coming market economies were favoured by the several consumers, along with having a superior class their status is contrast with the local goods as explained by Graham (2004) and Sterngold (2002). India is included among these several consumers in the markets, international brand goods were buying and possess by the rising upper class as mentioned by Cui Li during 2001. According to Arnold Quelch, (2008) and Batra (2007), the product worth among the local brands was identified by the investigators as well as they also pointed out that the consumers in up-and-coming market economies will end up stylishly. In these nations the increasing patriotism and domestic industries will be created by the host governments as explained by Klein (2002), Prahalad Lieberthal (2008). In the up-and-coming markets the international brands hostile response will be ultimately result by the altering utilization styles as given in these forecasts. Thi s matter is validated by McKinsey published report despite identification acknowledge the international brands, local brands were favoured by Chinese consumers and instead of imported brands they have faith on local brands as stated by Dyer (2007). In these markets for transnational firms functioning there is an important inference of fake alarm or unavoidable inclination is there. The globes financial systems constant globalization is considered and up-and-coming market consumers significance is with domestic organizations and transnational firms, closer investigation were needed for the selection between international and local brands in these financial systems by consumers. In the up-and-coming markets information related to the option of consumers for international and domestic brands stays insufficient. If India is illustrated for international brands penchant were identified by many investigators as on non-probability samples and perceptual measures they depend. for international brands asserted penchant, on domestic brands real buying the latest investigations depends like exaggeration of penchants and domestic brands were majorly buyed by the Chinese consumers as mentioned by Cui Liu (2001); Kwok (2006). Between Chinese consumers preference of international as against domestic brands were influenced by other aspects as proposed by the difference betwe en real conducts and asserted penchants. International and local brands real buying pattern have been contrasted by a small number of investigations in this huge up-and-coming market for deliberating the condition of brand competition. When domestic market situations and good divisions impacts were discovered, among the city consumers in India the preference of international and local brands investigated in this studies and in the up-and-coming market extreme competition between local and international brands. On brand insights and preferences the existing literature is reassess by us and consumers options in up-and-coming markets and several investigative queries were suggested. Secondly, in four main Indian cities that depends on extensive consumer investigation, across several durable and nondurable goods types the buying patterns of local and international brands were analysed by this research. Across good types and geographic markets the international brands differ greatly in buying and possessions as proposed by outcomes. Specific good types were controlled by international brands, in consumables and durable goods the base is acquired by local brands as in the city markets it goes ahead, for consumers share the current war were emphasized. In brand management and marketing policies for both international and local organizations the propositions has been discovered by us. Brand Kotler (2002) states in the product line were one of more items were associated as it is used for identifying the character source of the items is termed as brand. According to Doyle (2002) brand is a specific name, design or symbol or its combination a product is differentiated by this. For every product an ordinary feature is the brand which nowadays is available on the market. Each brand specialty is the different value in the potential buyers mind. According to Gordon (2003), McEnally and de Chernatony (2009) differentiation is enhanced by the image and reputation of a strong brand on buying behavior it has a positive influence. Powerful brands significance is seen by the marketers and for building up a strong brand as shown in all efforts. Familiarity and credibility is the meaning of brand for customers as in their everyday life some contacts were experienced by them; so as an indicator brand is used for making a decision while buying new product as stated by Ger (2003). The determinants of product quality is the causal signs that is regarded by brands as it depends if quality is truly determined by intrinsic attributes and processes as mentioned by Stijn (2000). According to Aaker (2002), in the mind of consumers the familiarity and credibility creates value towards firm, by brand equity use it can be enforced: perceived quality, brand loyalty, brand awareness and brand associations. Consumer behavior Consumers studies the consumer behavior as for a product or service they exchange value as it satisfies their needs as stated by Well Prensky (2006, p.5). Schiffman Kanuk (2000, p.5) mentions that how for spending their available resources that is time, money, effort an individual makes its decision is focused by the consumer behavior study on items related to consumption. With buying consumer behavior consists people experience of feelings, thoughts and their performed action. Environment influences like product appearances, comments taken from other customers, packages, consumers physical actions and advertising were involved. Consumer decision making The decision making behavior of consumer consists five basic steps. As per most of the researchers these steps are within the same field (Cross 2009). These steps are inclusive of model; problem recognition, process of information search, alternatives evaluation, process of purchase along with post-purchase. However, it is not necessary that all purchased need every step (Cross 2009). It is up to the consumer to skip the alternatives evaluation while considering low involvement products. As per Hawkins et al. (2001) there are diversified sides than the process of decision making that are subject to affect consumer behavior that are relevantly external and are internal with influences. All the external influences are kind of social class added by reference group. The internal factors can be noted as exposure, motivation, perception, attention and attitude. Purchase decision All kinds of purchase decisions are integral to the process of consumer decision making structure. There are specific two prior stages; information search and aspect of evaluation of alternatives considered by the consumer consecutive act to reach stage of purchase decision added by the effects of brands in those stages. After the phase of problem recognition, consumer shifts to the stage of information search and seek information about the quality, price, brand, country of origin and similar issues as per their motivation. Information search can get conducted as a kind of internal search by the consumers past through indirect or direct experience for the product added by external search by marketing materials or different social groups or reference groups. For Hoyer and MacInnis (2007, p.200), the image of brands are actually affected in terms of internal as well as external search for information. For internal search, the respective consumers can recall brands, whereas for external search, they tend to look into availability over shelf while purchasing or suggestion collected from salesperson affecting their purchase. This follows evaluation of alternatives that the customers usually have to single out. Brand equity too gets consideration. Alternatives of products are taken into consideration in th e customers set of desire. As for instance, brand awareness, where the customer remembers exact brands for specific quality product, he picks the brand immediately. After selection made at evaluation among alternative stage, purchase decision comes in, where concerns are related to the selection of specific product in specific retail outlet added by the amount of purchase. 7. Research Methodology In this research, both qualitative as well as quantitative methodologies are considered. Individual answers will be included through questionnaire added by survey questionnaire. These are believed to be effective means to fulfill dissertation objectives. Process of qualitative investigation mode enables the subject to get analyzed and offer vivid as well as dependent replies that are enquired by researcher in the way of providing constructive as well as comprehensive information that other techniques can overlook. This approach offers significant data by answers to research queries in balancing research techniques that are quantitative in structure. Through quantitative process the research data is collected on the basis of different factors that can get measured for patrons activities. Quantitative method relies over statistical analysis. As some parts of the theory are analysed and calculated, there is the end resultant that is numeric and objectivity results derived of them are th e resource led out of corrective recommendations. For Kuhn (2001) numbers record exodus from different presumptions and is the skill that never gets replicated through qualitative method added this exodus gets sufficient to start the investigation. Aim of this research is based on identifying the influences of brands added by the assets led over consumers purchase decision. Thus quantitative method is selected as it best fits specific nature as well as purpose of the study, which attempts to understand particular behavior of UAE consumers in making purchase decision for makeup products. Thus a questionnaire-based survey is conducted as a major tool in the process of data collection for this study. Both the standards are based on numeric studies. Questionnaires as well as intensive interactions are used as they are all impactful in their approach and manner for completing the aims of this study. There were four interactions performed in India added by 150 questionnaire further will be distributed among different individuals. Questionnaires will be distributed at shopping malls as well as luxury outlets. Participants who have got past over the elimination aspects or are proven as luxury customers will be quizzed. Their responses will be used in the research. Collected information will be analysed through statistical tests under the assistance of SPSS. In order to comprehend the declarations of the respondents, all the questionnaires will be translated specifically into Arabic added by English version. Determination of attributes is inclusive of conjoint analysis, as pretest will be managed among separate sample that is of 30 respondents in order to assure validity towards the questionnaire. Respondents will be asked to answer the selected questionnaires, and that follows the discussion about the questions that were obscured, like the one on whether they can comprehend the meaning of the questions or if there is ambiguity. Finally, questionnaire gets distributed. Questionnaire design Questionnaire design will be structured to collect demographic information related to respondents as per their age. Information related to social class is inclusive of occupation, education and income, (as in questions like 1, 2, 3, and 4) by multiple choice questions. As per Fisher (2007) this kind of questions offer the respondents with choices among 3-5 options and interrogate them to choose any one. These questions also do not allow unambiguous options and are mutually exclusive. Application of multiple choice questions for the study respondents behavior for purchasing in questions like 5 to attain frequency for purchasing makeup products. The question 6 looks into the amount of money that get spent on buying makeup and lastly, question 7 is about respondents type of makeup products bought mostly. Lastly, as per the Likert scales gets applied to ask respondents for their opinions added by attitudes to choose a position in the five-point scale that represents between strongly agre e to strongly disagree (Fisher, 2007, pp.200-200). Likert scale gets applied to the questions from 8-26 for studying respondents attitude for brands and purchase decisions.